Will Women Save the World? The Ecological Civic Activity of Girls and Women from Generation Z Representing ICT and STEM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/PBE.2023.017Słowa kluczowe
ecological civic activity, green citizenship, gender gap, NEP scale, generation Z, ICT STEMAbstrakt
The subject of the study is the gender gap in the environmental activism of young people from generation Z, related to the ICT and STEM sector, which plays a key role in the ecological transformation. Women are, according to world literature, more ecological than men in thinking, motivation and actions. The aim of the study was to check whether and to what extent this regularity applies to Poland and the masculinized ICT sector, where women constitute only about 20% of employees, and also what is the relationship between the level of environmental activism, environmental awareness and environmental behavior in the private sphere. The research sample consisted of 637 people born between 1995 and 2010 (Generation Z): 381 women (59.8%), 247 men (38.8%) and 9 non-binary people (1.4%). The data was taken from an extensive study carried out for the report on the values of ICT and STEM sector related young people from the generation Z. From the raw database, questions were extracted as indicators of awareness (15 questions on the NEP scale), ecological knowledge, sense of influence on counteracting the ecological crisis, risk perception of ecological threats, ecological behavior in the private sphere, and ecological activism (environmental behavior in the civic sphere). The data analysis included: (1) calculation of the NEP Index (2) frequency tables, including cross-tabs for all variables broken down by gender, (3) testing gender differences (Student’s t for continuous variables and Pearson’s Chi-square for ordinal and nominal variables) and (4) testing the relationship between selected variables and the level of environmental awareness (one-way ANOVA or t-test). Women turned out to be more environmentally aware than men (NEP Index 0.70 vs. 0.57), had more knowledge, a greater sense of influence on combating the ecological crisis, and greater faith in the effectiveness of the institutional activities in this area; showed greener behavior in their private lives and greater environmental activism.
The ANOVA analysis showed that, with the exception of two variables, the surveyed areas of civic activity were proportionally related to environmental awareness: the higher the level of environmentalism, the higher the mean on the NEP scale. Almost all examined differences were statistically significant at p level < 0.001.
Bibliografia
Adler, R.P., & Goggin, J. (2005). What Do We Mean By “Civic Engagement”? Journal of Transformative Education, 3(3), 236–253, doi: 10.1177/1541344605276792.
Anderson, M. (2012). New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale. Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability, 6, 260–262.
Bardi, U., & Alvarez Pereira, C. (Eds.). (2022). Limits and Beyond: 50 Years on from the Limits to Growth, What did We Learn and What’s Next?: a Report to the Club of Rome. Exapt Press.
Berkowitz, A.R., Ford, M.E., & Brewer, C.A. (2005). A Framework for Integrating Ecological Literacy, Civics Literacy, and Environmental Citizenship in Environmental Education. In: E.A. Johnson, & M.J. Mappin (Eds.), Education and Advocacy: Changing Perspectives of Ecology and Education (pp. 227–266). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bord, R.J., & O’Connor, R.E. (1997). The Gender Gap in Environmental Attitudes: The Case of Perceived Vulnerability to Risk. Social Science Quarterly, 78(4), 830–840.
Brough, A.R., Wilkie, J.E.B., Ma, J., Isaac, M.S., & Gal, D. (2016). Is Eco-Friendly Unmanly? The Green-Feminine Stereotype and Its Effect on Sustainable Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(4), 567–582 , doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucw044.
CBOS. (2013). Kobiety w życiu publicznym. Komunikat z badań [Women in Public Life. Research Communication]. Warszawa: Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej.
CBOS. (2018). Aktywność Polaków w organizacjach obywatelskich. Komunikat z Badań [Activity of Poles in Civic Organizations. Research Communication]. Warszawa: Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej.
CBOS. (2018). Polacy wobec zmian klimatu. Komunikat z Badań [Poles Towards Climate Change. Research Communication]. Warszawa: Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej.
CBOS. (2020). Świadomość ekologiczna Polakow. Komunikat z Badań [Environmental Awareness of Poles. Research Communication]. Warszawa: Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej.
CBOS. (2021). Preferencje partyjne najmłodszych wyborców i ich ewolucja w ostatnich dwóch dekadach. Komunikat z Badań [Party Preferences of the Youngest Voters And their Evolution over the Past Two Decades. Research Communication]. Warszawa: Centrum Badań Opinii Społecznej.
Chmura-Rutkowska, I., & Kozłowska, A. (2022). Young Values. What Kind of World does the Part of the Z Generation Representing the Area of ICT and STEM want? Warszawa: Perspektywy Women in Tech. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://womenintech.perspektywy.org/documents/raport-mlode-wartosci-2022-en.pdf.
Chmura-Rutkowska, I., & Mazurek, M. (2019). (Nie)widzialne rożnice. Gender [(In) visible Differences. Gender]. In: K. Szafraniec (Ed.), Młodzi 2018. Cywilizacyjne wyzwania. Edukacyjne konieczności [Youth 2018. Civilizational Challenges. Educational Necessities], (pp. 128–145). Warszawa: A PROPOS. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: http://mlodzi2018.pl/.
Costache, A., & Sencovici, M. (2019). Age, Gender and Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm. In: 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM (pp. 11–22). Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334742406_AGE_GENDER_AND_ENDORSEMENT_OF_THE_NEW_ECOLOGICAL_PARADIGM.
Dean, H. (2001). Green Citizenship [online]. London: LSE Reserach Online. Retrieved on 24 May 2023 from: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/353/.
Dietz, T., Kalof, L., & Stern, P.C. (2002). Gender, Values, and Environmentalism. Social Science Quarterly, 83(1), 353–364, doi: 10.1111/1540-6237.00088.
Dobson, A. (2003). Citizenship and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dobson, A., & Bell, D. (Eds.). (2006). Environmental Citizenship. London–Cambridge, Massachusets: MIT Press.
Dunlap, R., & Liere, K. (2008). The ‘New Environmental Paradigm.’ The Journal of Environmental Education, 40, 19–28 , doi: 10.3200/JOEE.40.1.19-28.
Dunlap, R., Liere, K., Mertig, A., & Jones, R. (2000). Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425–442, doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00176.
European Comission. Delivering the European Green Deal. (n.d.). Retrieved 3 June 2022 from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en.
European Commission. (1998). Education and Active Citizenship in the European Union, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b33ea18c-355e-4fa5-bee6-cc07194831ad.
European Social Survey (ESS) [online]. ESS Data Portal. Retrieved 21 March 2023, from: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/data.
Faustini, P. (2014). The Challenges of Climate Change: Children on the Front Line, Innocenti Insights. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/716-the-challenges-of-climate-change-children-on-the-front-line.html.
Fuchs, D.A., Gumbert, T., Sahakian, M., Maniates, M., Lorek, S., & Graf, A. (2021). Consumption Corridors: Living a Good Life within Sustainable Limits. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Funk, P., & Gathmann, C. (2015). Gender gaps in Policy Making: Evidence from direct democracy in Switzerland. Economic Policy, 30(81), 141–181, doi: 10.1093/epolic/eiu003.
Fuszara, M. (Ed.). (2013). Kobiety, wybory, polityka [Women, Elections, Politics]. Warszawa: Instytut Spraw Publicznych.
Giddens, A. (2011). The Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge, UK–Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Gidengil, E., Hennigar, M., Blais, A., & Nevitte, N. (2005). Explaining The Gender Gap in Support for the New Right: The Case of Canada. Comparative Political Studies, 38(10), 1171–1195, doi: 10.1177/0010414005279320.
Givens, T.E. (2004). The Radical Right Gender Gap. Comparative Political Studies, 37(1), 30–54, doi:10.1177/0010414003260124.
Kennedy, K.J. (2007). Student Construction of ‘Active Citizenship’: What does Participation Mean to Students? British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(3), 308–324, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00381.x.
Kinowska-Mazaraki, Z. (2015). “Można zakasać rękawy.” Aktywność obywatelska kobiet w środowisku lokalnym [“You Can Roll up your Sleeves.” Women’s Civic Activism in the Local Environment]. Warszawa: Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN, Oficyna Naukowa.
Kopińska, V. (2019). Szkoła jako miejsce antyedukacji obywatelskiej [School as a place of civic anti-education]. In: K. Szafraniec (Ed.), Młodzi 2018. Cywilizacyjne wyzwania. Edukacyjne konieczności [Youth 2018. Civilizational Challenges. Educational Necessities], (pp. 149–161). Warszawa: A PROPOS. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: http://mlodzi2018.pl/.
Kozłowska, A., Chmura-Rutkowska, I., Buchnat, M., Cybal-Michalska, A., Cytlak I., Jaskulska, S., Kanclerz, B., Marciniak, M., Myszka-Strychalska, L., Szafran, J., Wawrzyniak-Beszterda, R. (2022). Deficit of Nature as a Manifestation of a Hidden Curriculum of the School. Poznan Educational Studies 2021. Polish Journal of Social Rehabilitation, 24, 451–465, doi: 10.22432/pjsr.2022.24.28.
Kozłowska, A. (2023). Zastosowanie skali NEP do badania świadomości ekologicznej młodzieży akademickiej [An application of the NEP Scale in Studying Environmental Awareness of Academic Youth]. Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny, 42(2), 93–116, doi: 10.17951/lrp.2023.42.2.93-116.
Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz, B., & Zalewska, A. (2017). Measuring Young People’s Citizenship Activity. Citizenship Teaching & Learning, 12(2), 141–150, doi: 10.1386/ctl.12.2.141_1.
Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz, B., & Zalewska, A. (2015). Aktywność obywatelska polskiej młodzieży w relacji do innych Europejczykow i w zależności od fazy adolescencji [Citizenship activity of Polish Youth in Relation to Other Young Europeans and Adolescence Stages]. Psychologia Rozwojowa, 20(4), 11–23, doi: 10.4467/20843879PR.15.019.4462.
Kulin, J., Seva, I.J., & Dunlap, R.E. (2021). Nationalist Ideology, Rightwing Populism, and Public Views about Climate Change in Europe. Environmental Politics, 30(7), 1111–1134, doi: 10.1080/09644016.2021.1898879.
Kurowski, Ł., Rutecka-Gora, J., & Smaga, P. (n.d.). Co Polacy wiedzą o zmianach klimatu i czy podejmują ograniczające je działania? [What do Poles know about climate change and are they taking mitigating actions?]. Gazeta SGH. Retrieved 22 March 2023 from: https://gazeta.sgh.waw.pl/aktualnosci/co-polacy-wiedza-o-zmianach-klimatu-i-czy-podejmuja-ograniczajace-je-dzialania.
Laferriere, E., & Stoett, P.J. (1999). International Relations Theory and Ecological Thought: Towards a Synthesis. London–New York: Routledge.
Lister, R. (2008). Od intymności do globalności: refleksje nad płciowym wymiarem obywatelstwa [From Intimacy to Globality: Reflections on the Gender Dimension of Citizenship]. In: E.H. Oleksy (Ed.), Tożsamość i obywatelstwo w społeczeństwie wielokulturowym [Identity and citizenship in a multicultural society]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Marchlewska, M., Szczepańska, D., Furman, A., Gorska, P., Molenda, Z., Michalski, P., Rogoza, M., & Maison, D. (2020). Aktywizacja obywatelska młodych Polek i młodych Polaków. Raport z badań psychologicznych [Civic Activation of Young Polish Women and Young Poles. Psychological Research Report]. Warszawa: Instytut Psychologii PAN. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://psychpol.psych.pan.pl/images/Raporty/DIALOG_raport.pdf.
McIntyre, L.C. (2018). Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
McMillan, M., Hoban, T., Clifford, W., & Brant, M. (1997). Social and Demographic Influences on Environmental Attitudes. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 13(1). Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/jrss/vol13/iss1/5.
Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J., & Behrens, W.W. (Eds.). (1972). The Limits to growth: A report for the Club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind. Washington: A Potomac Associates Book.
Meadows, D.H., Randers, J., & Meadows, D.L. (2004). The limits to growth: The 30-year update. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
Nelson, J., & Kerr, D. (2006). Active Citizenship in INCA Countries: Definitions, Policies, Practices, and Outcomes. INCA International Review of Curriculum and Assessment Frameworks Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://www.nfer.ac.uk/media/2104/qac02.pdf.
Obermiller, C., & Isaac, M.S. (2018). Are Green Men from Venus?: .Los hombres verdes son de Venus? Journal of Management for Global Sustainability, 6(1), 45–66 , doi: 10.13185/jm2018.06103.
Ostman, R.E., & Parker, J.L. (1987). Impact of Education, Age, Newspapers, and Television on Environmental Knowledge, Concerns, and Behaviors. The Journal of Environmental Education, 19(1), 3–9 , doi: 10.1080/00958964.1987.10801954.
Ministry of Climate. (2019). The 2030 National Environmental Policy. Annex to the Resolution No. 67 of the Council of Ministers of 16 July 2019 (Item 794). Retrieved 19 January 2022 from: https://bip.mos.gov.pl/strategie-plany-programy/polityka-ekologiczna-panstwa/polityka-ekologiczna-panstwa-2030-strategia-rozwoju-w-obszarze-srodowiska-i-gospodarki-wodnej/.
Portney, K.E. (2015). Sustainability. London, England: The MIT Press.
Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Reports – IPCC. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://www.ipcc.ch/reports/.
Ruff, C., & Olson, M. (2009). The Attitudes of Interior Design Students Towards
Sustainability. International Journal of Technology & Design Education, 19(1), 67–77, doi: 10.1007/s10798-007-9038-0.
Schild, R. (2016). Environmental Citizenship: What Can Political Theory Contribute to Environmental Education Practice? Journal of Environmental Education, 47(1), 19–34, doi: 10.1080/00958964.2015.1092417.
Siemieńska, R. (Ed.). (2005). Płeć, wybory, władza [Gender, Elections, Power]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Spierings, N., & Zaslove, A. (2015). Gendering the Vote for Populist Radical-Right Parties. Patterns of Prejudice, 49(1–2), 135–162, doi: 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024404.
Stott, P. (2021). Hot air: The Inside Story of the Battle Against Climate Change Denial. London: Atlantic Books.
Sustainable development – EU actions | European Union. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: https://european-union.europa.eu/priorities-and-actions/actions-topic/development-and-cooperation_pl.
Szafraniec, K. (2011). Raport. Młodzi 2011 [Report. Youth 2011]. Warszawa: Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów.
Szafraniec, K. (Ed.). (2019). Młodzi 2018. Cywilizacyjne wyzwania. Edukacyjne konieczności [Youth 2018 Civilizational Challenges. Educational Necessities]. Warszawa: A PROPOS. Retrieved 21 March 2023 from: http://mlodzi2018.pl/.
Szafraniec, K., & Wernerowicz, M. (2017). Obecność młodych w sferze publicznej [Presence of Youth in the Public Sphere]. In: K. Szafraniec, J. Domalewski, K. Wasielewski, P. Szymborski, & M. Wernerowicz (Eds.), Zmiana warty. Młode pokolenia a transformacje we wschodniej Europie i Azji [Changing of the guard. Young generations and transformation in Eastern Europe and Asia], (pp. 99–248). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Szostek, M. (2012). Świadomość ekologiczna polskiego społeczeństwa [Environmental Awareness of the Polish Society]. In: A. Jasińska-Kania (Ed.), Wartości i zmiany. Przemiany postaw Polaków w jednoczącej się Europie [Values and Change. The Transformation of Poles’ Attitudes in a Unifying Europe], (pp. 243–261). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Veeh, Ch.A., Plassmeyer, M., Nicotera, N., & Brewer, S.E. (2019). A Combined Measure of Civic Engagement for Use Among Emerging Adults. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 10(1), 13–34, doi: 10.1086/701948.
Zelezny, L.C., Chua, P.-P., & Aldrich, C. (2000). New Ways of Thinking About Environmentalism: Elaborating on Gender Differences in Environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 443–457, doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00177.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Iwona Chmura-Rutkowska, Agnieszka Kozłowska
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 291
Liczba cytowań: 0
