Adolescents’ Cyberdating Relationships and the Socialisation Background: Links with Sexism in Spanish Society and Pornography Consumption
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/PBE.2022.025Abstract
The present paper synthesises the results obtained in an exploratory study about adolescents’ online cyberdating relationships. The main objective of the study was to verify
whether the quality of these relationships depends on pornography consumption, beliefs about sexism in Spanish society, and sex as a variable associated with differentiating
socio-cultural factors. A total of 240 secondary school students randomly selected from the Castilla-La Mancha region in Spain constituted the sample for the study. The Cyberdating Q_A questionnaire was used to measure the quality of dating relationships among adolescents on social networks. The relationship between the variables considered was tested in a multivariate analysis of the variance model. According to the results, pornography
consumption was the only factor differentiating the selected dimensions of cyberdating relationships. Sex and sexism turned out to be insignificant. The results were discussed.
References
Ballester Brage, L., Orte Socias, C. (2019). Nueva pornografía y cambios en las relaciones interpersonales de adolescentes y jóvenes [New Pornography and Changes in the Interpersonal Relationships of Adolescents and Young Adults]. Barcelona: Ediciones Octaedro.
Ballester Brage, L., Varela Rosón, C., & Facal Fondo, T. (2020). Pornografía y educación Afectivosexual [Pornography and Afective Sexual Education] Barcelona: Octaedro.
Bian, L., Leslie, S.-J., & Cimpian, A. (2017). Gender Stereotypes About Intellectual Ability Emerge Early and Influence Children’s Interests. Science, 355(6323), 389–391, doi: 10.1126/science.aah6524.
Blais, J.J., Craig, W.M., Pepler, D., & Connolly, J. (2007). Adolescents Online: The Importance of Internet Activity Choices to Salient Relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(5), 522–536, doi: 10.1007/s10964-007-9262-7.
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Bella, N., Potenza, M.N., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2021). Why Do People Watch Pornography? The Motivational Basis of Pornography Use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 172–186, doi: 10.1037/ adb0000603.
Brown, J.D., & L’Engle, K.L. (2009). X-Rated Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with U.S. Early Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media.Communication Research, 36(1), 129–151, doi: 10.1177/0093650208326465.
Caughlin, J.P., & Sharabi, L.L. (2013). A Communicative Interdependence Perspective of Close Relationships: The Connections Between Mediated and Unmediated Interactions Matter. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 873–893, doi: 10.1111/ jcom.12046.
Cobo, R. (2020). Pornografía: El Placer Del Poder [Pornography: The Pleasure of Power]. Barcelona: Penguin Random House.
Cohen, E.L., Bowman, N.D., Borchert, K. (2014). Private Flirts, Public Friends: Understanding Romantic Jealousy Responses to An Ambiguous Social Network Site Message As a Function of Message Access Exclusivity.Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 535–541, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.050.
Collins, W.A. (2003). More Than Myth: The Developmental Significance of Romantic Relationships During Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 1–24, doi: 10.1111/1532-7795.1301001.
DGVG, Delegación Del Gobierno Contra La Violencia De Género [Government Delegation Against Gender Violence] (2018). Percepción Social de la Violencia Sexual [Social Perception of Sexual Violence]. Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes e Igualdad. Centro de Publicaciones. Retrieved 30 December 2021 from: https://violenciagenero.igualdad.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/estudios/colecciones/estudio/Libro25_Violencia_Sexual.htm.
Díaz-Aguado, M.J., Martínez Arias, R., Martín Babarro, J., & Falcón, L. (2021). La situación de la violencia contra las mujeres en la adolescencia [The Situation of Violence Against Women in Adolescence]. Madrid: Delegación del Gobierno contra la Violencia de Género, 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021 from: https://violenciagenero.igualdad.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/estudios/investigaciones/2021/estudios/violencia_en_la_adolescencia.htm.
Doornwaard, S.M., Bickham, D.S., Rich, M., ter Bogt, T.F., & van den Eijnden, R.J. (2015). Adolescents’ Use of Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Their Sexual Attitudes and Behavior: Parallel Development and Directional Effects. Developmental Psychology, 51(10), 1476–1488, doi: 10.1037/dev0000040.
Doornwaard, S.M., van den Eijnden, R.J., Baams, L., Vanwesenbeeck, I., & ter Bogt, T.F. (2015). Lower Psychological Well-Being and Excessive Sexual Interest Predict Symptoms of Compulsive Use of Sexually Explicit Internet Material Among Adolescent Boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 73–84, doi: 10.1007/ s10964-015-0326-9.
Espejo-Siles, R., Zych, I., Farrington, D.P., & Llorent, V.J. (2020). Moral Disengagement, Victimization, Empathy, Social and Emotional Competencies As Predictors of Violence in Children and Adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 118(105337), doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105337.
Farré, J.M., Montejo, A.L., Agulló, M., Granero, R., Chiclana Actis, C., Villena, A., Maideu, E., Sánchez, M., Fernández-Aranda, F., Jiménez-Murcia, S., & Mestre-Bach, G. (2020). Pornography Use in Adolescents and Its Clinical Implications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(11), 3625, doi: 10.3390/jcm9113625.
Glick, P., & Hilt, L. (2000). Combative Children to Ambivalent Adults: The Development of Gender Prejudice. In: T. Eckes, & M.H. Trautner (Eds.), Essay. Developmental Social Psychology of Gender (pp. 243–272). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goldstein, M.J., & Kant, H.S (2020). Pornography and Sexual Deviance. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London: University of California Press, doi: 10.1525/9780520310209.
Kaplún-Medina, D., & Roldán-Gutiérrez, P. (2019). La presencia de modelos tóxicos de sexualidad en la adolescencia [The Presence of Toxic Models of Sexuality in Adolescence]. Castilla La Mancha, Instituto de la Mujer de Castilla La Mancha. Retrieved 28 December 2021 from: https://institutomujer.castillalamancha.es/ sites/institutomujer.castillalamancha.es/files/documentos/paginas/archivos/ david_kaplun_medina._la_presencia_de_modelos_toxicos_de_sexualidad_ en_la_adolescencia.pdf.
Kernsmith, P.D., Victor, B.G., & Smith-Darden, J.P. (2018). Online, Offline, and Over the Line: Coercive Sexting Among Adolescent Dating Partners.Youth & Society, 50(7), 891–904, doi: 10.1177/0044118x18764040.
Kohut, T., Landripet, I., & Štulhofer, A. (2020). Testing the Confluence Model of the Association Between Pornography Use and Male Sexual Aggression: A Longitudinal Assessment in Two Independent Adolescent Samples from Croatia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(2), 647–665, doi: 10.1007/s10508-020-01824-6.
Lemus, S., Castillo, M., Moya, M., Padilla, J.L., & Ryan, E. (2007). Elaboración y validación del inventario de sexismo ambivalente para adolescentes [Development and Validation of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory for Adolescents]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 537–562.
Lin, W.-H., Liu, C.-H., & Yi, C.-C. (2020). Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media in Early Adolescence is Related to Risky Sexual Behavior in Emerging Adulthood. PLoS One, 15(4), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230242.
Litsou, K., Byron, P., McKee, A., & Ingham, R. (2020). Learning from Pornography: Results of a Mixed Methods Systematic Review. Sex Education, 21(2), 236–252, doi: 10.1080/14681811.2020.1786362.
Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., & Staksrud, E. (2017). European Research on Children’s Internet Use: Assessing the Past and Anticipating the Future. New Media & Society, 20(3), 1103–1122, doi: 10.1177/1461444816685930.
López Sánchez, F. (2005). La Educación Sexual [ Sex Education]. Madrid: Biblioteca nueva. Milas, G., Wright, P., & Štulhofer, A. (2019). Longitudinal Assessment of the Association Between Pornography Use and Sexual Satisfaction in Adolescence. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 16–28, doi: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1607817.
Miller-Ott, A.E., Kelly, L., & Duran, R.L. (2012). The Effects of Cell Phone Usage Rules on Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships. Communication Quarterly, 60(1), 17–34, doi: 10.1080/01463373.2012.642263.
Mitchell, K.J., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Trends in Youth Reports of Sexual Solicitations, Harassment and Unwanted Exposure to Pornography on the Internet. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 116–126, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.021.
Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2013). “Creeping” or Just Information Seeking? Gender Differences in Partner Monitoring in Response to Jealousy on Facebook. Personal Relationships, 21(1), 35–50, doi: 10.1111/pere.12014.
Muscanell, N.L., Guadagno, R.E., Rice, L., & Murphy, S. (2013). Don’t it Make My Brown Eyes Green? An Analysis of Facebook Use and Romantic Jealousy. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 237–242, doi: 10.1089/ cyber.2012.0411.
Peskin, M.F., Markham, C.M., Shegog, R., Temple, J.R., Baumler, E.R., Addy, R.C., Hernandez, B., Cuccaro, P., Gabay, E.K., Thiel, M., & Emery, S.T. (2016). Prevalence and Correlates of the Perpetration of Cyber Dating Abuse Among Early Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 358–375, doi: 10.1007/ s10964-016-0568-1.
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P.M. (2016). Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 Years of Research. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(4–5), 509–531, doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441.
Prego-Meleiro, P., Montalvo, G., García-Ruiz, C., Ortega-Ojeda, F., Ruiz-Pérez, I., & Sordo, L. (2021). Diferencias de Género en percepciones sobre violencia sexual, Igualdad y agresiones sexuales facilitadas por drogas en Ocio Nocturno [Gender Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Violence, Equality and Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults In Nightlife]. Adicciones, doi: 10.20882/adicciones.1561.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6, doi: 10.1108/10748120110424816.
Ruiz-Repullo, C. (2019). Qué se esconde tras la violencia sexual en la adolescencia [What Lies Behind Adolescent Sexual Violence?]. Dosier Graó, 4, 25–28. Retrieved 28 December 2021 from: https://www.grao.com/es/producto/que-se-esconde-tras-la-violencia-sexual-en-la-adolescencia-doe0495847.
Sánchez, V., Muñoz-Fernández, N., & Ortega-Ruíz, R. (2015). Cyberdating Q_A’: An Instrument to Assess the Quality of Adolescent Dating Relationships in Social Networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 78–86, doi: 10.1016/j. chb.2015.01.006.
Sánchez-Jiménez, V., Ojeda Pérez, M., Muñoz Fernández, N., & Del Rey, R. (2020). Cyberdating Abuse and Sexting in Adolescence. Online Peer Engagement in Adolescence, 2020, 103–21, doi: 10.4324/9780429468360-7.
Smith-Darden, J.P., Kernsmith, P.D., Victor, B.G., & Lathrop, R.A. (2017). Electronic Displays of Aggression in Teen Dating Relationships: Does the Social Ecology Matter? Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 33–40, doi: 10.1016/j. chb.2016.10.015.
Springate, J., & Omar Hatim, A. (2013). The Impact of the Internet on the Sexual Health of Adolescents: A Brief Review. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 6(4), 469–471.
Stonard, K.E., Bowen, E., Walker, K., & Price, S.A. (2015). “They’ll Always Find a Way to Get to You”: Technology Use in Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Its Role in Dating Violence and Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(14), 2083–2117, doi: 10.1177/0886260515590787.
Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital Youth. Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development. New York: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6278-2.
Théorêt, V., Hébert, M., Fernet, M., & Blais, M. (2020). Gender-Specific Patterns of Teen Dating Violence in Heterosexual Relationships and Their Associations with Attachment Insecurities and Emotion Dysregulation.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(2), 246–259, doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01328-5.
Thulin, E.J., Heinze, J.E., Kernsmith, P., Smith-Darden, J., & Fleming, P.J. (2020). Adolescent Risk of Dating Violence and Electronic Dating Abuse: A Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(12), 2472–2486, doi: 10.1007/ s10964-020-01361-4.
Van Ouytsel, J., Ponnet, K., & Walrave, M. (2014). The Associations Between Adolescents’ Consumption of Pornography and Music Videos and Their Sexting Behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(12), 772–778, doi: 10.1089/cyber.2014.0365.
Vázquez, J., & Rivas, E. (2021). Estereotipos y roles de género [Stereotypes and Gender Roles]. In: M.I. Garrido, & E. Carmona (Eds.), Esquemas sobre igualdad y no discriminación por razón de género [Outlines on Gender Equality and Gender Non-Discrimination] (pp. 29–34). Valencia: Tirant Lo Blanch.
Viejo, C., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Sánchez, V. (2015). Adolescent Love and Well-Being: The Role of Dating Relationships for Psychological Adjustment. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(9), 1219–1236, doi: 10.1080/13676261.2015.1039967.
Wang, C.-C., & Chang, Y.-T. (2010). Cyber Relationship Motives: Scale Development and Validation. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 38(3), 289–300, doi: 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.289.
Wright, P.J. (2018). Sex Education, Public Opinion, and Pornography: A Conditional Process Analysis. Journal of Health Communication, 23(5), 495–502, doi: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1472316.
Ybarra, M.L., & Mitchell, K.J. (2005). Exposure to Internet Pornography Among Children and Adolescents: A National Survey.Cyber-psychology Behaviour, 8(5), 473–86, doi: 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.473.
Ybarra, M.L., Mitchell, K.J., Hamburger, M., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P.J. (2010). X-Rated Material and Perpetration of Sexually Aggressive Behavior Among Children and Adolescents: Is There a Link? Aggressive Behavior, 37(1), 1–18, doi: 10.1002/ab.20367.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Soledad Andrés Gómez, Sławomir Pasikowski, Luana Bruno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 479
Number of citations: 0
