How the Workplace Influences Teachers’ Creativity: A Two-Wave Study on Workplace Bullying, Organisational Bullying Risk Factors and Creativity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/PBE.2023.007Abstract
Based on affective events theory, the present two-wave study investigated the predictive role of organisational features and exposure to workplace bullying in generating decreased creativity. Although several inhibitors of creativity at work have been identified, few longitudinal studies have aimed to determine whether affective events such as workplace bullying impact employees’ creativity. In the present two-wave, time-lagged panel design study (N = 261), teachers. completed the Negative Activities Questionnaire, the Risk Assessment of Workplace Bullying Questionnaire and the Creative Behavior Questionnaire twice, with a six-month interval between waves. The results indicate that specific negative workplace conditions – that is, workplace bullying risk factors – in the first wave were related to exposure to workplace bullying in the first and second waves and also led to a decrease in individual creativity in the second wave. Moreover, exposure to workplace bullying in the first wave predicted a drop in two creativity facets, self-realisation and ego strength, in the second wave. However, when organisational factors were included in the model, exposure to bullying no longer predicted a decrease in creative aspects. It is suggested that to promote teachers’ creativity, it is essential to prevent workplace bullying by building a constructive social climate and fostering proper leadership practices.
References
Amabile, T.M. (1988). A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations. In: B.M. Staw, & L.L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior Greenwich (pp. 123–67). CT: JAI Press.
Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1154–1184, doi: 10.2307/256995.
Amabile, T.M., Mueller, J.S., Simpson, W.B., Hadley, C.N., Kramer, S.J., & Fleming, L. (2002). Time Pressure and Creativity in Organizations: A Longitudinal Field Study. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 02-073.
Balducci, C., Conway, P.M., & van Heugten, K. (2021). The Contribution of Organizational Factors to Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Baillien, B. Catley, K. Harlos, A. Hogh, & E.G. Mikkelsen (Eds.), Pathways of Job-Related Negative Behaviour, vol. 2 (pp. 3–28). Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0935-9_1.
Barron, F., & Harrington, D.M. (1981). Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 439–476, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.002255.
Batey, M., Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality: A Critical Review of the Scattered Literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), 355–429, doi: 10.3200/MONO.132.4.355-430.
Bowling, N.A., & Beehr, T.A. (2006). Workplace Harassment from the Victim’s Perspective: A Theoretical Model and Meta Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 998–1012, doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.998.
Branch, S., Shallcross, L., Barker, M., Ramsay, S., & Murray, J.P. (2021). Theoretical Frameworks That Have Explained Workplace Bullying: Retracing Contributions Across the Decades. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Notelaers, & C. Rayner (Eds.), Concepts, Approaches and Methods, vol. 1 (pp. 87–130). Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_4.
Chiang, Y.-H., Hsu, C.-C., & Hung, K.-P. (2014). Core Self-Evaluation and Workplace Creativity. Journal of Business Research, 67, 1405–1413, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.08.012.
Choi, J.N., Anderson, T.A., & Veillette, A. (2009). Contextual Inhibitors of Employee Creativity in Organizations: The Insulating Role of Creative Ability. Group & Organization Management, 34, 330–357, doi: 10.1177/1059601108329811.
Conway, P.M., Hogh, A., Balducci, C., & Ebbesen, D.K. (2021). Workplace Bullying and Mental Health. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Baillien, B. Catley, K. Harlos, A. Hogh, & E.G. Mikkelsen (Eds.), Pathways of Job-Related Negative Behaviour, vol. 2 (pp. 101–128). Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0935-9_5.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2021). Mapping “Varieties of Workplace Bullying”: The Scope of the Field. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Baillien, B. Catley, K. Harlos, A. Hogh, & E.G. Mikkelsen (Eds.), Concepts, Approaches and Methods, vol. 1 (pp. 3–53). Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_1.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure, and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24–44, doi: 10.1080/02678370902815673.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C.L. (2020). The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition. In: H. Hoel, D. Zapf, S. Einarsen, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2nd ed. (pp. 3–53). CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
Ford, C.M. (1996). A Theory of Individual Creative Action in Multiple Social Domains. The Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1112–1142, doi: 10.2307/259166.
Glaso, L., & Einarsen, S. (2008). Emotion Regulation in Leader–Follower Relationships. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 17, 482–500, doi: 10.1080/13594320801994960.
Gong, Y., Kim, T.Y., Lee, D.R. & Zhu, J. (2013). A Multilevel Model of Team Goal Orientation, Information Exchange and Creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), 827–851, doi: 10.5465/amj.2011.0177.
Grant, A.M. (2013). Rocking the Boat but Keeping it Steady: The Role of Emotion Regulation in Employee Voice. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), 1703–1723, doi: 10.5465/amj.2011.0035.
Grant, A.M. (2016). Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the Word. New York: Penguin Books.
Hansen, A.M., Garde, A.H., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Grynderup, M.B., & Hogh, A. (2021). Health Consequences of Workplace Bullying: Physiological Responses and Sleep as Pathways to Disease. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Baillien, B. Catley, K. Harlos, A. Hogh, & E.G. Mikkelsen (Eds.), Pathways of Job-Related Negative Behaviour, vol. 2 (pp. 129–152). Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0935-9_1.
Hauge, L.J., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., Lau, B., Notelaers, G., & Skogstad, A. (2011). Leadership and Role Stressors as Departmental Level Predictors of Workplace Bullying. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(4), 305–323, doi: 10.1037/a0025396.
Hauge, L.J., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships Between Stressful Work Environment and Bullying: Results of a Large Representative Study. Work & Stress, 21(3), 220–242, doi: 10.1080/02678370701705810.
Helson, R. (1996). In Search of the Creative Personality. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 295–306, doi: 10.1207/s15326934crj0904_1.
Hennessey, B.A., & Amabile, T.M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569–598, doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416.
Hirst, G., Van Knippenberg, D., Chen, C., & Sacramento, C.A. (2011). How Does Bureaucracy Impact Individual Creativity? A Cross-Level Investigation of Team Contextual Influences on Goal Orientation – Creativity Relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 624–641, doi: 10.5465/amj.2011.61968124.
Hodson, R., Roscigno, V.J., & Lopez, S.H. (2006). Chaos and the Abuse of Power: Workplace Bullying in Organizational and Interactional Context. Work & Occupations, 33, 382–415, doi: 10.1177/0730888406292885.
Hoel, H., & Giga, S.I. (2006). Destructive Interpersonal Conflict in the Workplace: The Effectiveness of Management Interventions. Unpublished Report: Manchester Business School The University of Manchester.
Hoel, H., Sheehan, M.J., Cooper, C.L., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Organizational Effects of Workplace Bullying. In: S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 129–48). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Hofstee, W.K.B. (2001). Intelligence and Personality: Do They Mix? In: S. Messick, & J.M. Collis (Eds.), Intelligence and Personality: Bridging the Gap in Theory and Measurement (pp. 43–60). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Hogh, A., Conway, P.M., & Mikkelsen, E.G. (2017). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Workplace Bullying. In: P. Sturmey (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression, vol. 3: Societal Interventions. John Wiley & Sons Publisher, doi: 10.1002/9781119057574.whbva108.
Jahanzeb, S., Fatima, T., & De Clercq, D. (2021). When Workplace Bullying Spreads Workplace Deviance through Anger and Neuroticism. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(4), 1074–1090, doi: 10.1108/IJOA-03-2020-2094.
Jiang, W., Gu, Q., & Tang, T.L.-P. (2017). Do Victims of Supervisor Bullying Suffer from Poor Creativity? Social Cognitive and Social Comparison Perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 157(3), 865–884, doi: 10.1007/s10551-017-3660-x.
Kim, K., & Choi, S.B. (2017). Influences of Creative Personality and Working Environment on the Research Productivity of Business School Faculty. Creativity Research Journal, 29(1), 10–20, doi: 10.1080/10400419.2016.1239900.
Lange, A.H., Witte, H., & Notelaers, G. (2008). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Examining Longitudinal Relations Among Job Resources and Work Engagement for Stayers Versus Movers. Work & Stress, 22(3), 201–223, doi: 10.1080/02678370802390132.
Leymann, H. (1996). The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165–184, doi: 10.1080/13594329608414853.
Liu, H., Mihm, J., & Sosa, M.E. (2018). Where Do Stars Come From? The Role of Star vs. Nonstar Collaborators in Creative Settings. Organization Science, 29(6), 1149–1169, doi: 10.1287/orsc.2018.1223.
Mikkelsen, E.G., Hansen, A.M., Persson, R., Fosgrau, M., & Hogh, A. (2020). Individual Consequences of Being Exposed to Workplace Bullying. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Baillien, B. Catley, K. Harlos, A. Hogh, & E.G. Mikkelsen (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace. Theory, Research and Practice, 3rd ed. (pp. 163–208). CRC Press. Taylor and Francis Group, doi: 10.1201/9780429462528.
Musek, J. (2007). A General Factor of Personality: Evidence for the Big One in the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1213–1233, doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003.
Nęcka, E. (2012). Psychologia tworczości [Psychology of Creativity]. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Nielsen, M.B., & Einarsen, S.V. (2018). What We Know, What We Do Not Know, and What We Should and Could Have Known about Workplace Bullying: An Overview of the Literature and Agenda for Future Research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71–83, doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007.
Nielsen, M.B., & Knardahl, S. (2015). Is Workplace Bullying Related to the Personality Traits of Victims? A Two-Year Prospective Study. Work & Stress, 29(2), 128–149, doi: 10.1080/02678373.2015.1032383.
Nielsen, M.B., Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Measuring Exposure to Workplace Bullying. In: S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 149–174). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Notelaers, G., & Van der Heijden, B.I. (2021). Construct Validity in Workplace Bullying and Harassment Research. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, G. Notelaers, & C. Rayner (Eds.), Concepts, Approaches and Methods, vol. 1 (pp. 369–424). Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5334-4_11-1.
Pervin, L.A (1993). Personality: Theory and Research, 6th ed. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Podsiadly, A., & Gamian-Wilk, M. (2017). Personality Traits as Predictors or Outcomes of Being Exposed to Bullying in the Workplace. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 43–49, doi: 10.2016/j.paid.2016.08.001.
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, S., & Cunha, M.P. (2012). Authentic Leadership Promoting Employees Psychological Capital and Creativity. Journal of Business Research, 65, 429–37, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.003.
Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., & Lau, B. (2014). The Prospective Relationship Between Role Stressors and New Cases of Self-Reported Workplace Bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55, 45–52, doi: 10.1111/sjop.12092.
Rodriguez-Munoz, A., Baillien, E., De Witte, H., Moreno-Jimenez, B., & Pastor, J.C. (2009). Cross-Lagged Relationships between Workplace Bullying, Job Satisfaction and Engagement: Two Longitudinal Studies. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 23(3), 225–243, doi: 10.1080/02678370903227357.
Roscigno, V.J., Hodson, R., & Lopez, S.H. (2009). Workplace Incivilities: The Role of Interest Conflicts, Social Closure and Organizational Chaos. Work, Employment & Society, 23, 747–773, doi: 10.1177/0950017009344875.
Roscigno, V.J., Lopez, S.H., & Hodson, R. (2009). Supervisor Bullying, Status Inequalities, and Organizational Context. Social Forces, 87, 1561–1589, doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0178.
Salin, D., & Hoel, H. (2020). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace. In: S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2nd ed. (pp. 3–53). CRC Press.
Sischka, P.E., Melzer, A., Schmidt, A.F., & Steffgen, G. (2021). Psychological Contract Violation or Basic Need Frustration? Psychological Mechanisms Behind the Effects of Workplace Bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627968, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627968.
Simonton, D.K. (2000). Creativity: Cognitive, Personal, Developmental, and Social Aspects. American Psychologist, 55(1), 151–158, doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.151.
Strzałecki, A. (2000). Creativity in Design. General Model and Its Verification. Technological Forcasting and Social Change, 64, 2/3, 241–260.
Strzałecki, A. (2012). Sprawność osobowości. Kontrowersje wokoł ogolnego czynnika osobowości tworczej [Personality Efficacy. The Controvercies on General Creative Personality Factor]. Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa, 2(192), 85–109.
Tagoe, T., & Amponsah-Tawiah, K. (2020). Psychosocial Hazards and Work Engagement in the Ghanaian Banking Sector: The Moderating Role of Psychosocial Safety Climate. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(2), 310–331, doi: 10.1108/IJBM-04-2019-0136.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S.M. (2002). Creative Self-Efficacy: Potential Antecedents and Relationship to Creative Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1137–1148, doi: 10.2307/3069429.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S.M. (2004). The Pygmalion Process and Employee Creativity. Journal of Management, 30, 413–432, doi: 10.1016/ j.jm.2002.12.001.
Van Heugten, K., D’Cruz, P., & Mishra, N. (2021). Surviving Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment. In: P. D’Cruz, E. Noronha, E. Baillien, B. Catley, K. Harlos, A. Hogh, & E.G. Mikkelsen (Eds.), Pathways of Job-Related Negative Behaviour, vol. 2 (pp. 231–262). Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0935-9_1.
Warszewska-Makuch, M. (2007). Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza NAQ do pomiaru mobbingu [Polish Adaptation of NAQ Questionnaire to Measure Workplace Bullying Exposure]. Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, 12, 16–19.
Warszewska-Makuch, M. (2012). Ocena ryzyka mobbingu w miejscu pracy [Assesing Bullying Risk Factors]. Bezpieczeństwo Pracy, 5, 8–11.
Weiss, H.M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18(1), 1–74.
Woodman, R.W., Sawyer, J.E., & Griffin, R.W. (1993). Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293–321, doi: 10.2307/258761.
Yoshida, D.T., Sendjaya, S., Hirst, G., & Cooper, B. (2014). Does Servant Leadership Foster Creativity and Innovation? A Multi-Level Mediation Study of Identification and Prototypicality. Journal of Business Research, 67(7), 1395–404, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.08.013.
Yuan, Y., Humphrey, S.E., & van Knippenberg, D. (2022). From Individual Creativity to Team Creativity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Task Moderators. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 95(2), 358–404, doi: 10.1111/joop.12380.
Zapf, D., & Gross, C. (2001). Conflict Escalation and Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Replication and Extension. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497–522, doi: 10.1080/13594320143000834.
Zhang, Z.-X., Hempel, P.S., Han, Y.-L., & Tjosvold, D. (2007). Transactive Memory System Links Work Team Characteristics and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1722–1730, doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1722.
Zhou, J. (2003). When the Presence of Creative Co-Workers is Related to Creativity: Role of Supervisor, Close Monitoring, Developmental Feedback, and Creative Personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 413–422, doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.413.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Elżbieta Strutyńska-Laskus, Kamila Madeja-Bień, Małgorzata Gamian-Wilk
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 418
Number of citations: 0
