From Absolute Mind to Zombie: Is Artificial Intelligence Possible?

Autor

  • Moritz Ernst Maria Bilagher UNESCO Internal Oversight Service (IOS) Evaluation Office 7 Place de FontenoyParis 75007France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9368-4517

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2022.008

Słowa kluczowe

computing, religion, consciousness, mythology, intelligence

Abstrakt

The dream of achieving artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, artificial consciousness (‘strong AI’), is reflected in mythologies and popular culture as utopia and dystopia. This article discusses its conceptual possibility. It first relates the desire to realise strong AI to a self-perception of humanity as opposed to nature, metaphorically represented as gods or God. The realisation of strong AI is perceived as an ultimate victory on nature or God because it represents the crown of creation or evolution: conscious intelligence. The paper proceeds to summarise two debates relevant to AI: one educational and one technological. The technological debate, almost invariably presupposing a materialist framework, is related to the mind–body problem of philosophy; the educational one to understanding the concept of intelligence. By proposing a definition of intelligence linked to an idealist conception of reality, postulating mind as participation in Absolute Mind, I attempt a convergence of these debates, rejecting the possibility of strong AI.

Biogram autora

Moritz Ernst Maria Bilagher - UNESCO Internal Oversight Service (IOS) Evaluation Office 7 Place de FontenoyParis 75007France

Moritz Bilagher is a Principal Evaluation Specialist at UNESCO Internal Oversight Service (IOS) Evaluation Office. Prior to this, he was Head of Monitoring and Evaluation Unit at the Global Partnership for Education (GPE); Programme Specialist at UNESCO Santiago; Statistical Advisor at UNESCO Nairobi; Research Manager with the British government agency for ICT in education Becta; and Educational Research and Evaluation specialist with UNRWA in the Near East. He evaluated the Iraq ALP as a consultant with UNICEF ISCA. Moritz holds a Doctorate in Education from King’s College London and an MSc-degree in Educational Research Methodology from the University of Oxford. 

Bibliografia

Akass, C. 2007. “The Zombie enigma.” PC World, November: 20–21.

American Psychological Association. 1996. APA task force examines the knowns and unknowns of intelligence. Retrieved 28 July 2020 from: http://web.archive.org/web/20041130090438/http://www.apa.org/releases/intell.html

Argonov, V. 2014. “Experimental methods for unraveling the Mind–Body Problem: The phenomenal judgment approach.” Journal of Mind and Behavior 35, No. 1 and 2: 51–70.

Arvey, R.D. et al. 1994. “Mainstream science on intelligence.” Wall Street Journal 13 December: A 18.

Augustine, A. 2007. De stad van God (The city of God). Transl. G. Wijdeveld. Amsterdam: Ambo.

Aydede, M. & Güzeldere, G. 2000. “Consciousness, intentionality and intelligence: some foundational issues for artificial intelligence.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 12: 263–277.

Baader, F. von. 1851. Fermenta cognitionis. Leipzig: Publisher unknown.

Bishop, J.M. 2018. “Is anyone home? A way to find out if AI has become self-aware.” Frontiers in Robotics and AI 5, No. 17: pp. 1–2.

Bloom, B. et al. 1971. Taxonomy of educational objectives. Ann Arbor: Edward Bros.

Brooke, J.H. 2006. “Contributions from the history of science and religion.” In Oxford handbook of science and religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chalmers, D. 1995. “Facing up to the problem of consciousness.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 2, No. 3: 200–219.

Darwin, C. 1958. The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. [With original omissions restored. Edited with Appendix and Notes by his grand-daughter Nora Ballow.]. London: Collins.

Dembski, W.A. 2002. “Kurzweil’s impoverished spirituality.” In Are we spiritual machines: Ray Kurzweil vs. the critics of strong AI, edited by J.W. Richards. Seattle: Discovery Institute Press.

Diamond, A., Knight, R., Devereux, D. & Holland, O. (2012). “Anthropomimetic Robots: Concept, Construction and Modelling.” International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 9: 1–14.

Dobzhansky, T. 1969. The biology of ultimate concern. London: Rapp & Whiting.

Dostoyevsky, F. 1958. De gebroeders Karamazow (The brothers Karamazov). Transl. J. van der Eng. Amsterdam: G.A. van Oorschot.

Fjelland, R. 2020. “Why general artificial intelligence will not be realized.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7, No. 10: 1–9.

Freud, S. 1991. Zelfportret. De weerstanden tegen de psychoanalyse. Het vraagstuk van de lekenanalyse. (Self-portrait. The refutations of psychoanalysis. The question of lay analysis). Meppel / Amsterdam: Boom.

Fromm, E. 1984. The fear of freedom. London: Routledge Classics.

Gardner, H. 1993. Frames of mind. London: Fontana.

Graziano, M.S.A. & Kastner, S. 2011. “Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis.” Cognitive Neuroscience 2, No. 2: 98–113.

Halal, W.E. 2009. “The automation of thought: Information technology holds the key to global maturity.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 21, No. 2: 277–280.

Heinisch, K.J. 1960. Der Utopische Staat (The utopian state). Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.

Hunt-Grubbe, C. 2007. “The elementary DNA of dear Dr. Watson.” Times Online 14 October. Retrieved 28 July 2020 from: https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/file/cogem/cogem_t49203c8e_001.pdf

Jung, C.G. 1982. Psychologie en religie (Psychology and religion). Rotterdam: Lemniscaat.

Jung, C.G. 1950. Gestaltungen des Unbewußten (Representations of the unconscious). Zürich: Rascher.

Kant, I. 1990. Critique of pure reason. Amherst: Prometheus books.

Kant, I. 1996. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (Critique of practical reason. Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Kurzweil, R. 2001. One half of an argument. Retrieved 28 July 2020 from: http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kurzweil/kurzweil_print.html

Kwa, C. 2005. De ontdekking van het weten (The discovery of knowledge). Amsterdam: Boom.

Kwa, C. 1991. “Wetten en verhalen (Laws and stories).” Kennis en Methode 1: 105–120.

MacGregor, N. 2008. “Foreword.” In: The Greek myths: Origins of the gods. Supplement to The Guardian.

Manuel, F. & Manuel, F. 1982. Utopian thought in the Western world. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap / Harvard University Press.

Marcus, G. 2019. DeepMind’s losses and the future of artificial intelligence. Wired, 14 August. Retrieved 28 July 2020 from: https://www.wired.com/story/deepminds-losses-future-artificial-intelligence/

Marx, K. 1909. Capital (Vol. III), edited by F. Engels. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr.

Mumford, L. 1959. The story of utopias. Gloucester Massachusetts: Peter Smith.

Paracelsus 1537. De natura rerum, Book I.

Plato. 1995a. Sokrates’ leven en dood (Socrates’ life and death). Transl. G. Koolschijn. Amsterdam: Athenaeum / Polak & Van Gennep.

Plato. 1995b. Constitutie (The Republic). Transl. G. Koolschijn. Amsterdam: Athenaeum – Polak & Van Gennep.

Reggia, J.A. 2013. “The rise of machine consciousness: Studying consciousness with computational models.” Neural Networks 44: 112–131.

Rorty, R. 1980. Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Russell, B. 2007. The history of Western philosophy. London: Routledge.

Schopenhauer, A. 1996. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The world as will and representation). Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig: Insel Verlag.

Searle, J.R. 1991. Mind, brains and science: the 1984 Reith lectures. London: Penguin.

Searle, J.R. 1980. “Minds, brains, and programs.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, 3: 417–457.

Shelley, M. 1818. Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus. London: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones.

Spinoza, B. 1862. Tractatus theologico-politicus. London: Trübner & Co.

Turing, A.M. 1950. “Computing machinery and intelligence.” Mind 59: 433–460.

Warnick, B. 2004. “Rehabilitating AI: argument loci and the case for Artificial Intelligence.” Argumentation 18: 149–170.

Warwick, K. 2002. “Alien encounters.” In Views into the Chinese Room, edited by J. Preston and J. M. Bishop. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Scientia et Fides

Pobrania

Opublikowane

2022-03-03

Jak cytować

1.
BILAGHER, Moritz Ernst Maria. From Absolute Mind to Zombie: Is Artificial Intelligence Possible?. Scientia et Fides [online]. 3 marzec 2022, T. 10, nr 1, s. 155–176. [udostępniono 14.1.2025]. DOI 10.12775/SetF.2022.008.

Numer

Tom 10 Nr 1 (2022)

Dział

Artykuły

Licencja

Prawa autorskie (c) 2022 Scientia et Fides

Creative Commons License

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

CC BY ND 4.0. Posiadaczem prawa autorskiego (Licencjodawcą) jest Autor, który na mocy umowy licencyjnej udziela nieodpłatnie prawa do eksploatacji dzieła na polach wskazanych w umowie.

  • Licencjodawca udziela Licencjobiorcy licencji niewyłącznej na korzystanie z Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego w następujących polach eksploatacji: a) utrwalanie Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego; b) reprodukowanie (zwielokrotnienie) Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego drukiem i techniką cyfrową (e-book, audiobook); c) wprowadzania do obrotu egzemplarzy zwielokrotnionego Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego; d) wprowadzenie Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego do pamięci komputera; e) rozpowszechnianie utworu w wersji elektronicznej w formule open access na licencji Creative Commons (CC BY-ND 3.0) poprzez platformę cyfrową Wydawnictwa Naukowego UMK oraz repozytorium UMK.
  • Korzystanie przez Licencjobiorcę z utrwalonego Utworu ww. polach nie jest ograniczone czasowo ilościowo i terytorialnie.
  • Licencjodawca udziela Licencjobiorcy licencji do Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego nieodpłatnie na czas nieokreślony

PEŁEN TEKST UMOWY LICENCYJNEJ >>

Statystyki

Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 1644
Liczba cytowań: 0