The Passion and Death of Jesus Christ: a Pathophysiological and Forensic Approach in Dialogue with Johannine Theology

Abstract

The Passion and death of Jesus Christ represent a central event of Christian faith and, at the same time, a historical reality open to medical and forensic analysis. This article proposes an integrated approach that brings together pathophysiology, forensic medicine, and theological reflection, using the Gospel of John as its primary hermeneutical framework. Through an examination of scourging, crucifixion, and the piercing of the side, the study analyzes the main pathophysiological mechanisms potentially involved in Jesus’ death, including hypovolemic shock, respiratory failure, metabolic collapse, lung injury, and stress-induced cardiomyopathy associated with extreme catecholaminergic discharge. These findings are discussed in light of contemporary medical-forensic literature and correlated with scientific studies of the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo, whose features show a remarkable coherence with the Gospel narratives. Finally, the article offers a theological and anthropological reflection on Christ’s bodily suffering, arguing that the extreme vulnerability of the crucified body constitutes not merely a biological phenomenon but a privileged theological locus revealing the redemptive meaning of human suffering. In this way, the study aims to contribute to the dialogue between science and faith by demonstrating the value of a rigorous interdisciplinary approach.