Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Language
    • English
    • Język Polski
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • Principles of ethics in publishing
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Review process
    • Editorial Team
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login
  • Language:
  • English
  • Język Polski

Studia Iuridica Toruniensia

Transfer pricing – the principle of formulary apportionment and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
  • Home
  • /
  • Transfer pricing – the principle of formulary apportionment and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. Vol. 32 No. 1 (2023) /
  4. Studies and articles

Transfer pricing – the principle of formulary apportionment and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Authors

  • Krzysztof Lipka Kozminski University, Warsaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-9635

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/SIT.2023.008

Keywords

transfer pricing, arm’s length principle, SME, global tax order

Abstract

This article discusses the possibility of using the formula apportionment mechanism as a tool to replace the current international tax order based on the separate entity approach and the arm’s length principle, and in particular the importance of such changes for SMEs. The current system is far from perfect and owing to the ongoing changes in the ways of doing business and the technologies available, its weaknesses are deepening.
As a result of the existence of petrified and costly solutions, SME entities lose their competitiveness. It seems however possible to replace such solutions with formulary apportionment mechanisms, which would be simpler, cheaper, and fairer. The change might have a positive impact on the entire system and, in particular, on smaller taxpayers.

References

Avi-Yonah R.S., Benshalom I., Formulary Apportionment: Myths and Prospects – Promoting Better International Policy and Utilizing the Misunderstood and Under-Theorized Formulary Alternative, University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository 2011, https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2180&context=articles.

Avi-Yonah R.S., Salaimi M., Minimum Taxation in the United States in the Context of GloBE, „University of Michigan Public Law Research Paper” 2022, nr 22-041.

Bielawska A., Piechocki M., Regulacje prawne dotyczące ustalania cen transferowych i ich oddziaływanie na przebieg transakcji handlowych przedsiębiorców, „Polityka Europejska, Finanse i Marketing” 2019, nr 21.

Borkowski S.C., Gaffney M.A., Mitigating Transfer Pricing Risk Proactively in an Uncertain Global Economy, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2099281.

Cockfield A.J., The rise of the OECD as informal world tax organization through national responses to e-commerce tax challenges, „Yale Journal of Law and Technology” 2006, nr 1.

Dixon L., Gates S.M., Kapur K., Seabury S., Talley E., The Impact of Regulation and Litigation on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, The RAND Institute for Justice, WP WR-317-ICJ, 2006.

Durst M.C., The Tax Policy Outlook for Developing Countries: Reflections on International Formulary Apportionment, „International Centre for Tax Development Working Paper” 2015, nr 32.

Ezenagu A., Safe Harbour Regimes in Transfer Pricing: An African Perspective, „International Centre for Tax Development Working Paper” 2019, nr 100.

Heij G., Anybody out there? The Future of Tax, „Journal of Futures Studies” 2016, nr 2.

Hewitt P., Lymer A., Oats L., History of International Business Taxation, w: The International Taxation System, red. A. Lymer, J. Hasseldyne, New York 2002.

Li J., A comparative empirical study of international transfer pricing practices and audits in New Zealand, Australia and China, Lincoln University Christchurch, Conference Published Abstract.

Lipka K., E-commerce Taxation as an Example of Legal Deadlock, „Krytyka Prawa” 2022, nr 2.

Owczarczyk B., Znaczenie sektora MŚP dla gospodarki rynkowej, „Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu. Nauki o Finansach” 2010, nr 4.

Raport E-commerce: many of the challenges of collecting VAT and customs duties remain to be resolved 2009/12.

Schroger M., Next steps in international debate, w: Tax Policy Challenges in the 21st Century, red. K. Spies, R. Petruzzi, L. Verlag, Wien 2014.

Sebele-Mpofu F., Mashiri E., Schwartz S.C., An exposition of transfer pricing motives, strategies and their implementation in tax avoidance by MNEs in developing countries, Cogent Business & Management 2021, https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F23311975.2021.1944007.

Solilova V., Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and transfer pricing, „Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis” 2012, nr 2.

Szymczak M., Good practice for transfer mispricing in selected OECD countries, „Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu” 2020, nr 9.

Vachani S., Problems of foreign subsidiaries of SMEs compared with large companies, „International Business Review” 2005, nr 4.

Weiner J.M., Formulary Apportionment and Group Taxation in the European Union – Insights from the United States and Canada, Working Paper 8 March 2005 European Commission.

Wittendorff J., Transfer Pricing and the Arm’s Length Principle in International Tax Law, Alphen aan den Rijn 2010.

Studia Iuridica Toruniensia

Downloads

  • PDF (Język Polski)

Published

2023-09-26

How to Cite

1.
LIPKA, Krzysztof. Transfer pricing – the principle of formulary apportionment and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Studia Iuridica Toruniensia. Online. 26 September 2023. Vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 169-185. [Accessed 25 December 2025]. DOI 10.12775/SIT.2023.008.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

Vol. 32 No. 1 (2023)

Section

Studies and articles

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Krzysztof Lipka

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 510
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Browse Author Index
  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Language

  • English
  • Język Polski

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

transfer pricing, arm’s length principle, SME, global tax order
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop