The Explicit Attitude of Adolescents Towards Peers with Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/PBE.2020.022Keywords
cancer, adolescent, stigma, explicit stereotype, prejudiceAbstract
The social stigma of cancer is a powerful source of stereotyping and prejudice against people affected by oncology disorders. The research problem is presented in the following question: what is the formal and content characteristic of the stereotype of adolescents with cancer
shaped by healthy peers. The cross-sectional included 2,370 high school students in Poland. The frequency analysis of open-ended descriptions and exploratory factor analysis of attributes representing basic domains of human functioning revealed that adolescent cancer patients were characterized in three domains: emotional, social, and physical appearance.
Furthermore, cancer was linked with negative explicit prejudice. The obtained results and their practical implications are discussed in light of theories of stigmatization, stereotyping, and prejudice against people with cancer.
References
Antoszewska, B. (2006). Dziecko z chorobą nowotworowa – problemy psychopedagogiczne [Child with Oncological Disease – Psychpedagogical Problems]. Kraków: OficynaWydawnicza “Impuls”.
Armstrong, F.D., & Reaman, G.H. (2005). Psychological Research in Childhood Cancer: The Children’s Oncology Group Perspective. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30(1), 89-97, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi020.
Aronson, E. (2009). Człowiek istota społeczna [The Social Animal]. Tranlated by J. Radzicki. Warszawa: PWN.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Barlow, F.K., & Sibley, C.G. (2018). The Cambridge Hanbook of the Psychology of Prejudice: Concise Student Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berrenberg, J.L., Finlay, K.A., Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C. (2007). Prejudice Toward People with Cancer or AIDS: Applying the Integrated Threat Model. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 7(2), 75–86, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.tb00078x.
Binnebesel, J. (2002). Szkoła – element normalności w oddziale pediatryczno-onkologicznym [School – an Element of Normality in the Pediatric- Oncology Ward]. In:
M. Chodkowska (Ed.), Wielowymiarowość integracji w teorii i praktyce edukacyjnej [Multidimensional of Integration in Educationale Theory and Practice], (pp. 87–97). Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS.
Binnebesel, J. (2012). Przewlekle chore dziecko w domu. Poradnik dla rodziny i opiekunów [A Chronically Ill Child at Home. A Guide for Family and Carers]. Gdańska: Fundacja Hospicyjna.
Blackman, J.A., Gurka, M.J., Gurka, K.K., & Olivier, M.N. (2011). Emotional, Developmental and Behavioral Co-Morbidities of Children with Chronic Health Conditions. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 47(10), 742–747, doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02044x.
Chambers, S.K., Dunn, J., Occhipinti, S., Hughes, S., Baade, P., Sinclair, S., Aitken, J., Youl, P., & O’Connell, D.L. (2012). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Stigma and Nihilism on Lung Cancer Outcomes. BMC Cancer, 12(184), 1–19, doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-184.
Cuddy, A.J., Fiske, S.T., & Glick P. (2008). Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the Bias Map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61–137, doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0.
Daher, M., (2012). Cultural Beliefs and Values in Cancer Patients. Annals of Oncology, 23, 66–69, doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds091.
de Boer, H., Timmermans, A.C., & van der Werf, M.P.C. (2018). The Effects of Teacher Expectation Interventions on Teachers’ Expectations and Student Achievement: Narrative Review and Meta-analysis. Educational Research Evaluation, 24(3–5), 180–200, doi: 10.1080/13803611.2018.1550834.
Devine, P.G., & Sharp, L.B. (2009). Automaticity and Control in Stereotyping and Prejudice. In: T.D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (pp. 61–87). London: Psychology Press.
Donnan, B.M., & Webster, T. (2015). What about School? Education Challenges for Children and Adolescents with Cancer. Australian Journal of Education and Developmental Psychology, 32(1), 23–40, doi: 10.1017/edp.2015.9.
Donovan, T. (2001). The Stigma of Terminal Cancer. In: T. Mason, C. Carlisle, C. Watkins, & E. Whitehead (Eds.), Stigma and Social Exclusion in Healthcare (pp. 246–254). New York: Routledge.
Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J.C., Johnson, B.T., & Gaertner, S.L., (1996). Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Another Look. In: C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone, (Eds.), Stereotypes and Stereotyping (pp. 276–319). New York: The Guilford Press.
Dovidio, J.F., Major, B., & Crocker J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and Overview. In: T.F. Heatherton, R.E. Kleck, M.R. Hebl, & J.G. Hull (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Stigma (pp. 1–28). New York: The Gilford Press.
Drury, A.M., Lehmkuhl, H.D., Nabors, L.A., & Jiang, D. (2005). Adults’ Attitudes Toward Children with Cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 23(1), 41–54, doi: 10.1300/J077v23n01_03.
Dunn, D.S. (2015). The Psychology of Disability. New York: Oxford University Press. Esses, V.M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M.P. (1993). Values, Stereotypes, and Emotions as Determinants of Intergroup Attitudes. In: D.M. Mackie, & D.L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception (pp. 137–166). San Diego: Academic Press.
Farris, P.W., Bendle, N.T., Pfeifer, P.E., & Reibstein, D.J. (2010). Marketing Metrics. The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance. New Jersey: Person Education, Inc.
Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (2013). Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture. London: Sage.
Fujisawa, D., & Hagiwara, N. (2015). Cancer Stigma and its Health Consequences. Current Breast Cancer Reports, 7, 143–150, doi: 10.1007/s12609-015-0185-0.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma. Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.
Greenwald, A.G., Banaji, M.R., Rudman, L.A., Farnham, S.D., Nosek, B.A., & Mellott, D.S. (2002). A Unified Theory of Implicit Attitudes, Stereotypes, Self-Esteem, and Self- -Concept. Psychological Review, 109(1), 3–25, doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.3.
Johnson, C.G.B., Brodsky, J.L., & Cataldo, J.K. (2014). Lung Cancer Stigma, Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 32(1), 59–73, doi: 10.1080/07347332.2013.855963.
Jones, E.E. (1990). Interpersonal Perception. New York: Freeman & Co.
Kashima, Y., Fiedler, K., & Freytag, P. (2008). Stereotype Dynamics: Language-Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance, and Transformation of Stereotypes. New York: LEA.
Knapp, S., Marziliano, A., & Moyer A. (2014). Identity Threat and Stigma in Cancer Patients. Health Psychology Open, 1(1), doi: 10.1177/2055102914552281.
Koole, S.L. (2009). The Psychology of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Cognition
and Emotion, 23(1), 4–41, doi: 10.1080/02699930802619031.
Kowalczyk, J. R. (2011). Wprowadzenie do onkologii i hematologii dziecięcej [Introduction to Pediatric Oncology and Haematology]. Warszawa: Centrum Medyczne Kształcenia Podyplomowego,
Kreitler, S. (2019). Psycho-oncology for the Clinician. The Patient behind the Disease. Switzerland:
Springer.
Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming Impressions from Stereotypes, Traits, and Behaviours: A Parallel-Constraint-Satisfaction Theory. Psychological Review, 103(2), 284–308, doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.284.
Kunda, Z. (1999). Social Cognition. Making Sense of People. The MIT Press.
Liang, J., Wolsiefer, K., Zestcott, C.A., Chase, D., & Sttone, J. (2019). Implicit Bias Toward Cervical Cancer: Provider and Training Differences. Gynecologic Oncology, 153, 80–86, doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.01.013.
Maitner, A.T., Smith, E.R., & Mackie, D.M. (2016). Intergroup Emotions Theory: Prejudice and Differentiated Emotional Reactions toward Outgroups. In: C.G. Sibley, & F.K. Barlow (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 111–130). Cambidge: Cambridge University Press.
Marlow, L.A., Waller, J., & Wardle, J. (2015). Does Lung Cancer Attract Greater Stigma than Other Cancer Types? Lung Cancer, 88(1), 104–107, doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.01.024.
Martinez, L.R., White, C.D., Shapiro, J.R., & Hebl, M.R. (2016). Selection BIAS: Stereotypes and Discrimination Related to Having a History of Cancer. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 122–128, doi: 10.1037/apl0000036.
Paradies, Y., Bastos J.L., & Priest N. (2016). Prejudice, Stigma, Bias, Discrimination, and Health. In: C.G. Sibley, & F.K. Barlow (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 559–581). Cambridge: Cambridge: University Press.
Pizzo, P.A., & Poplack, D.G. (2016). Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer,
Read, S.J., & Miller, L.C. (1998). Connectionist Models of Social Reasoning and Behavior. NJ: LEA, Mahwah.
Rogiewicz, M. (2015). Praktyczny podręcznik psychoonkologii dzieci i nastolatków [Practical Handbook on Psychooncology of Children and Adolescents]. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna.
Rounds, J.B., & Zevon, M.A. (1993). Cancer Stereotypes: A Multidimentional Scaling Analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 485–496, doi: 10.1007/BF00844818.
Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Shiraev, E.B., & Leary, D.A. (2015). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Simon, A.E., Wardle, J., & Miles, A. (2011). Is it Time to Change the Stereotype of Cancer: the Expert View. Cancer Causes & Control, 22(1), 135–140, doi: 10.2307/41485369.
Sriram, N., Mills, J., Lang. E., Dickson, H.K., Hamann, H.A., Nosek, B.A., & Schiller, J.H. (2015). Attitudes and Stereotypes in Lung Cancer versus Breast Cancer. PLOS ONE, Dec 23, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145715.
Stangor, C. (2016). The Study of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination within Social Psychology: A Quick History of Theory and Research. In: T.D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (pp. 3–27). Psychology Press.
Stern, M., & Arenson, E. (1989). Chilhood Cancer Stereotype: Impact on Adult Perception of Children. Journal of Pediatrics Psychology, 14(4), 593–605, doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/ 14.4.593.
Storbeck, J., & Clore, G.L. (2007). On the Interdependence of Cognition and Emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 21(6), 1212–1237, doi: 10.1080/02699930701438020.
Threader, J., & McCormack, L. (2016). Cancer-Related Trauma, Stigma and Growth: The ‘Lived’ Experience of Head and Neck Cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, 25(1), 157–169, doi: 10.1111/ecc.12320.
Upon, P., & Eiser, C. (2005). School Experiences after Treatment for a Brain Tumor. Child Care Health Development, 32, 9–17.
Wakefield, C.E., McLoone, J., Goodenough, B., Lenthen, K., Cairns, D.R., & Cohn, R.J. (2010). The Psychosocial Impact of Completing Childhood Cancer Treatment: A System Review of Literature. Journal of Pediatrics Psychology, 35, 262–274, doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp056.
Whitley, B.E., & Kite, M.E. (2010). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Wiener, L.S, Hersh, S.P., & Alderfer, M.A. (2016). Psychiatric and Psychosocial Support for the Child and Family. In: P.A. Pizzo, & D.G. Poplack (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology (pp. 1322–1346). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Wiens, B.A., & Gilbert, B.O. (2000). A Reexamination of a Childhood Cancer Stereotype. Journal of Pediatrics Psychology, 25(3), 151–159, doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/25.3.151
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 377
Number of citations: 0