The dissolution of the Order of the Temple and the creation of the Order of Christ in Portugal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/OM.2016.003Keywords
King Dinis of Portugal, Papacy, Infant Afonso, Order of Christ, Order of the TempleAbstract
The present research takes as a point of departure the foundation bull of the Order of Christ, given by Pope John XXII in March 1319. A study of the Trial of the Templars in Portugal follows. Finally, the article focuses on the circumstances of the creation of the new order, in the light of the relationship between the Portuguese monarchy and the Apostolic See and of the context of civil war between Dinis of Portugal and his son and heir, the Infant Afonso. The institution of the Order of Christ has traditionally been seen by historians as a very linear process, in which the king’s will was imposed on the pope and a well-defined and successful project was carried out. In reality, the archival sources suggest otherwise, in the form of a very complex string of actions, which implicated not only the pope and the king but also the infant, the bishop of Lisbon, the former Templars themselves, and many other actors, often in conflict among each other. The strategies employed by the king were much less successful as they might have appeared, as initial attempts to ascribe the Templar patrimony to the Portuguese Crown did not yield results. In fact, after having carried out an inquiry, in 1314, to prove the supremacy of the Crown over the Templars and their heritage in Portugal, the king finally changed strategy. After long negotiations, an agreement was reached with the pope permitting the creation of a local military order, the Order of Christ, conceived of in Portugal as the result of a “reform” of the Order of the Temple. The former Templar castles, cities and other possessions were passed on to the new order and King Dinis had to content himself with the revenues generated by that patrimony.
References
“As Gavetas da Torre do Tombo, II (Gav. III–XI).” Lisbon: Centro de estudos históricos ultramarinos, 1962.
“Monumenta Henricina.” Vol. 1. Coimbra: UC Biblioteca Geral 1, 1960.
“Regestum Clementis papae V.” Vol. 6. Rome: Ex Typographia Vaticana, 1887.
Rego, António de Silva., Andrade, António Banha de., Farinha, Antnio., dos Santos, Eduardo., edit. “Monarquia Lusitana. Sexta Parte.” Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1980.
Sánchez, Santiago D. “Documentos de Clemente V (1305–1314) referentes a España.” León: Universidad de León, 2014.
Airaldi, Gabriela. “Due fratelli genovesi: Manuele e Antonio Pessagno.” In Estudos em homenagem ao Professor Doutor José Marques. Vol. 2, 139–146. Porto: Faculadade De Letras da Universidade do Porto, 2006.
Antunes, José de., Oliveira, António R. de., Monteiro, João G. “Conflitos políticos no reino de Portugal entre a Reconquista e a Expansão. Estado da questão.” Revista da História das Ideias 6 (1984): 25–160.
Ayala Martínez, Carlos de. “La Orden del Císter y las órdenes militares.” In I Colóquio internacional. Cister, os Templários e a Ordem de Cristo. Actas, edited by José Albuquerque Carreiras and Giulia Rossi Vairo, 45–85. Tomar: Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, 2012.
Baeta, João. D. João Lourenço, mestre da Ordem de Cavalaria de Cristo e leal servidor do rei D. Dinis: o seu papel na estruturação da nova ordem militar dionisina. MA Dissertation. Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa, 2011.
Barber, Malcolm. The trial of the Templars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Costa, Ricardo da. “D. Dinis e a supressão da Ordem do Templo (1312): o processo de formação da identidade nacional em Portugal.” In Cultura e Imaginário no Ocidente Medieval. Arrabaldes – Cadernos de História. Vol. 1, 90–95. Niterói: UFF, 1996.
Demurger, Alain. Jacques de Molay: le crépuscule des Templiers. Paris: Payot, 2007.
Fernandes, Maria C. Ribeiro de Sousa “A Ordem do Templo em Portugal: algumas considerações em torno das fontes para o seu estudo.” Revista da Faculdade de Letras. História (Porto) 8 (2007): 409–420.
Fernandes, Maria C. Ribeiro de Sousa A Ordem do Templo em Portugal (das origens à extinção). PhD Thesis. Porto: Universidade do Porto, 2009.
Forey, Allan. The Fall of the Templars in the Crown of Aragon. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.
Fryde, Natalie. “Antonio Pessagno of Genoa, King’s merchant of Edward II of England.” In Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis. Vol. 2, 159–178. Naples: Giannini, 1978.
Gomes, Saúl A. “A Extinção da Ordem do Templo em Portugal.” Révista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 11 (2011): 75–11.
Josserand, Philippe. Église et pouvoir dans la Péninsule Ibérique. Les ordres militaires dans le royaume de Castille (1252–1369). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2004.
Lopes, Félix. “Das actividades políticas e religiosas de D. Fr. Estêvão, bispo que foi do Porto e de Lisboa.” Lusitania Sacra 6 (1962–1963): 25–90.
Lopes, Félix. “O primeiro manifesto de el-Rei D. Dinis contra o Infante D. Afonso seu filho e herdeiro.” Itinerarium-Colectânea de Estudos XII 55 (1967): 17–45.
Lopes, Félix. “Santa Isabel na contenda entre D. Dinis e o filho 1321–1322.” Lusitânia Sacra 8 (1967–1969): 57–80.
Mattoso, José. “A guerra civil de 1319–1324.” In: Portugal medieval: novas interpretações, edited by José Mattoso, 293–308. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 1992.
Oliveira, Luís F. “Ordens Militares.” In: Ordens Religiosas em Portugal: Das Origens a Trento. Guia Histórico, edited by Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa. Vol. 5, 453–502. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2005.
Pizarro, José A. Linhagens Medievais Portugueses. Genealogias e Estratégias (1279–1325). Vol. 2. Porto: Universidade Moderna, 1999.
Pizarro, José A. D. Dinis, Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 2005.
Porro, Clive. “Reassessing in the Dissolution of the Templars: King Dinis and their suppression in Portugal.” In The Debate on the Trial of the Templars, edited by Jochen Burgtorf, Paul Crawford and Hellen Nicholson, 171–182. Farnham-Burlington: Routledge, 2010.
Roger, Jean-Marc. “Antonio Pessagno.” In Prier et combattre. Dictionnaire européen des orders militaires du Moyen Âge, edited by Nicole Bériou and Philippe Josserand, 98. Paris: Fayard, 2009.
Rossi Vairo, Giulia. D. Dinis del Portogallo e Isabel d’Aragona in vita e in morte: creazione e trasmissione della memoria nel contesto storico e artistico europeo. PhD thesis. Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2014.
Rossi Vairo, Giulia. ‟A guerra civil portuguesa, o almirante Manuel Pessanha e a criação da Ordem de Cristo.” In: VII Encontro internacional sobre Ordens Militares. Entre Deus e o Rei. O mundo das Ordens Militares. Atas. Palmela: GeSOS, 2018 (in press).
Rossi Vairo, Giulia. “O genovês Micer Manuel Pessanha, Almirante d’El-Rei D. Dinis.” Medievalista 13 (2013): 1–15.
Rossi Vairo, Giulia. “Isabelle d’Aragon, reine du Portugal, «constructrice de paix» durant la guerre civile (1317–1322)? Étude critique des sources portugaises et des Regesta Vaticana.” In Médiation, paix et guerre au Moyen Âge, edited by Michel Sot, 97–107. Paris: Éd. du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifques, 2012.
Rossi Vairo, Giulia. “Il protagonismo d’Isabel d’Aragona, regina del Portogallo, nella guerra civile alla luce delle fonti portoghesi, aragonesi e dei Regesta Vaticana (1321–1322).” In Reginae Iberiae. El poder régio feminino en los reinos medievales peninsulares, edited by Miguel García-Fernández and Silvia Cernadas Martínez, 131–150. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2015.
Théry, Julien. “Procès des Templiers.” In Prier et combattre. Dictionnaire européen des orders militaires du Moyen Âge, edited by Nicole Bériou and Philippe Josserand, 743–751. Paris: Fayard, 2009.
Toomaspoeg, Kristjan. “Historiographie de l’Ordre du Temple au Portugal: status quaestionis.” In I Colóquio internacional. Cister, os Templários e a Ordem de Cristo. Actas, edited by José Albuquerque Carreiras and Giulia Rossi Vairo, 171–191. Tomar: Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, 2012.
Toomaspoeg, Kristjan. “L’Ordre du Temple en Occident et au Portugal.” In A Extinção da Ordem do Templo, edited by José Albuquerque Carreiras, 17–61. Tomar: Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, 2012.
Torres Fontes, Juan. “Santa María de España.” In Prier et combattre. Dictionnaire européen des orders militaires du Moyen Âge, edited by Nicole Bériou and Phillippe Josserand, 845–846. Paris: Fayard, 2009.
Valente, José M. “The New Frontier. The Role of the Knights Templar in the Establishment of Portugal as an Independent Kingdom.” Mediterranean Studies 7 (1998): 49–65.
Valente, José M. Soldiers and settlers: the Knights Templar in Portugal, 1128–1319. PhD Thesis. Santa Barbara: University of California, 2002.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
CC BY ND 4.0. The Creator/Contributor is the Licensor, who grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work on the fields indicated in the License Agreement.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 491
Number of citations: 0
