Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica. Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders
Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica. Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders ISSN 0867–2008 Yearbook devoted to the history of military orders. In keeping with tradition, each volume includes a definite thematic scope, which refers to the subject of a conference from the "Ordines Militares" series. Moreover, articles, polemics, research surveys, source monographs and reviews concerning the history of military orders are published there in English, German and French. The journal is available in paper and electronic formats. Both formats are identical and are published at the same time. Since 2019, "Ordines Militares..." has been indexed in the Scopus list of journals.
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vol. XXIX (2024) Editorial Team Roman Czaja, Editor in Chief, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Jürgen Sarnowsky, Editor in Chief, Universität Hamburg Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Associate Editor, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Anna Maleszka, Assistant Editor, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Editorial Board Jochen Burgtorf, California State University Anna K. Dulska, Universidad de Navarra Sylvain Gouguenheim, L’École normale supérieure de Lyon Hubert Houben, Università del Salento Gregory J. Leighton, Muzeum Zamkowe w Malborku Alan V. Murray, University of Leeds Scientific Council Udo Arnold, Emeritus, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität Bonn Karl Borchardt, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, München Helen Nicholson, Cardiff University Maria Starnawska, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach Kristjan Toomaspoeg, Università del Salento Technical Editing and Proofreading: Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Roman Czaja, Gregory Leighton, Anna Maleszka, Anna Dulska, Jochen Burgtorf, Jürgen Sarnowsky, Marta Palczewska, Danuta Murawska Translations: Marta Palczewska Contents: STUDIES AND ARTICLES FROM THE 22ND ORDINES MILITARES CONFERENCE Jochen Burgtorf Zum Alltagsleben in den Ritterorden der Kreuzfahrerstaaten Anette Löffler Hohe Feste, niedere Feste. Der liturgische Festalltag in den Konventen des Deutschen Ordens Kristjan Toomaspoeg Between ideal and reality: Concubines, prostitutes, and dishonest women in the military orders’ everyday lives – some considerations on an old issue Marcin Wiewióra Castra Terrae Culmensis – the daily life of knights of the Teutonic Order in the light of recent research Libor Jan Prag, Holz und die Johanniter in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts László Pósán Ungarischer Wein im mittelalterlichen Preußen Christofer Herrmann Alltag und Lebensverhältnisse des Hochmeisters in der Marienburg in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts Helmut Flachenecker Inventare als Spiegel der Wohn- und Lebenssituation des 16. Jahrhunderts in den Kommenden Würzburg und Münnerstadt OTHER STUDIES Orlane Lagache Rules and statutes of the Spanish Military Orders of Calatrava and Santiago: the evolution of two attitudes towards women (12th–15th centuries) Alan J. Forey Non-Templar witnesses in the Templar Trial Dieter Heckmann Neuerungen in Herstellung und Verwaltung von Schriftgut im ordenszeitlichen Preußen bis zum Beginn des 13-jährigen Krieges Wilhelm Ljungar Revisiting the collapse of the Hospitaller priory of Dacia in Late Medieval Scandinavia (1429–1493) Johannes A. Mol Singing nuns and lay sisters in the Frisian houses of the Teutonic Order to 1510 Jürgen Sarnowsky Blasphemie vor den Toren zur islamischen Welt: Die Gesetzgebung der Johanniter auf Rhodos um 1500 OBITUARIES In memoriam: Hans Eberhard Mayer (1932–2023) (by Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie) In memoriam: José Mattoso (1933–2023) (by Isabel Cristina Ferreira Fernandes & Luís Filipe Oliveira) BOOK REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES Antwort auf die Replik von Piotr Gotówko, erschienen in Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica. Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders 27 (2022): 297–305 (by Christofer Herrmann) Laurent Fenoy. Chypre, l’île des nations chrétiennes, 1192–1473. Paris: Geuthner, 2023 (by Sylvain Gouguenheim) D’Orient en Occident. Les Templiers des origines à la fin du XIIe siècle. Actes du colloque international Troyes-Abbaye de Clairvaux, 3–5 novembre 2021. Edited by Arnaud Baudin and Philippe Josserand. Gent: Snoeck, 2023 (by Kristjan Toomaspoeg) Juhan Kreem. Ordu sügis. Saksa Ordu 16. sajandi Liivimaal. Tallinna Linnaarhiivi toimetised 17. Tallinn: Tallinna Linnaarhiiv, 2022 (by Kristjan Toomaspoeg) Gil Fishhof. Shaping Identities in the Holy Land. Crusader Art in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: Patrons and Viewers. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge 2024 (by Shlomo Lotan) Rombert Stapel. Medieval Authorship and Cultural Exchange in the Late Fifteenth Century. The Utrecht Chronicle of the Teutonic Order. Abingdon–New York: Routledge 2021 (by Ralf G. Päsler) Werner Paravicini. Verlust und Dauer. Weshalb sie nicht mehr fuhren und was an die Stelle trat: Die Preußenreisen des europäischen Adels. Part 4. Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2023 (by Antanas Petrilionis) Remigiusz Stachowiak. Spätmittelalterliche Kirchenkarrieren preussischer Kleriker. Soziale Räume und Netzwerke zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie. Einzelschriften der Historischen Kommission für Ost- und Westpreussische Landesforschung 32. Osnabrück: Fibre, 2023 (by Andrzej Radzimiński) Lech Łbik. Kult błogosławionej Doroty w Prusach krzyżackich. Kęty: Wydawnictwo Marek Derewiecki, 2022 (by Radosław Biskup) Der Liber Ordinarius. Die Grundlage für die Liturgie des Deutschen Ordens im Mittelalter. Herausgegeben von Anette Löffler. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 57, Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Historischen Komission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Ordens 20. Herausgegeben von Udo Arnold. Ilmtal-Weinstraße: VDG Verlag, 2022 (by Radosław Biskup) Martina Wagner. Vom Hochmeister zum Direktorium. Die Veränderung der Binnenstruktur des Deutschen Ordens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 92. Ilmtal-Weinstraße: VDG, 2023 (by Katharina Kemmer) Philippe Josserand. Jacques de Molay. Le dernier grand-maître des Templiers. Édition revue et augmentée. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2023 & Philippe Josserand. Les sept vies de Jacques de Molay. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2023 (by Magdalena Satora) Marcin Sumowski. Duchowni i mieszczanie. Kler niższy w społeczeństwie późnośredniowiecznych miast pruskich. Ecclesia clerusque temporibus medii aevi 8. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2022 (by Marta Czyżak) Zwischen Mittelmeer und Baltikum. Festschrift für Hubert Houben zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Udo Arnold, Roman Czaja, and Jürgen Sarnowsky. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 90, Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Historischen Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Ordens 21. Weimar: VDG Verlag, 2023 (by Marcin Sumowski) Settlement and Crusade in the Thirteenth Century: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Latin East. Edited by Gil Fishhof, Judith Bronstein, and Vardit R. Shotten-Hallel. Abington: Routledge, 2021 (by Karol Zonenberg) Kristjan Toomaspoeg. The Teutonic Order in Italy, 1100–1525: Building Bridges in the Medieval World. The Military Religious Orders: History, Sources, and Memory 11. London: Routledge, 2024 (by Michał Rejner) Kommendenausbau im Hl. Römischen Reich des 13. Jahrhunderts. Italien, Franken, Preußen und Livland in vergleichender Perspektive. Herausgegeben von Helmut Flachenecker unter Mitarbeit von Tobias Baus und Katharina Kemmer. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 88, Veröffentlichungen der Forschungsstelle Deutscher Orden an der Universität Würzburg 4. Ilmtal-Weinstraße: VDG, 2022 (by Alexander Baranov) The procedure of reviewing publications Reviewers
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In memoriam: Hans Eberhard Mayer (1932‒2023)
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Rules and statutes of the Spanish Military Orders of Calatrava and Santiago: the evolution of two attitudes towards women (12th‒15th centuries)
Rules and statutes of military orders regulated the daily life of the members, their behaviour, their membership, and the relationship they must maintain between them and with people outside of the orders. Hence, the analysis of normative sources may provide insight into the study of women who lived inside and outside of the military orders in the Iberian Peninsula. Most of them mention lay and conventual sisters. However, they also speak of other women, such as “half‒sisters”, Moors and even concubines. The aim of this paper is to study the place of women and their relationship with the orders, according to the rules and statutes. Is their presence and their relationship with brothers only determined by their gender? What do the main evolutions of those sources, from the 12th to the 15th century, reveal about the attitudes of the orders towards women? Focusing on the two main Spanish orders, Calatrava and Santiago, this article attempts to answer these questions by examining the different profiles found in the normative sources. It begins by introducing the main differences of both orders in their inclusion and exclusion of women, and presents the main changes and evolutions that occur until the Late Middle Ages. What can be observed is that the attitudes of Calatrava and Santiago were first markedly different, especially towards the integration of women into the orders and the conjugal chastity to which women are often associated. It appears that it was changing with the development of the orders until the 15th century, when the gap between men and women members may have become less relevant than between lay and cleric members.
Non-Templar witnesses in the Templar Trial
Although non-Templars were questioned about various matters during the Templar trial, including the location of brothers and their property, they were most frequently asked about alleged Templar wrongdoing. It was, however, only in areas where Templars denied the charges or where few Templars were arrested that many outsiders were interrogated. Varying measures were adopted to secure their assistance. Eye-witnesses often spoke favourably of the Templars’ conduct, although some did express concerns. The strongest criticism was voiced by those relying on second-hand reports and rumour; but their testimony is not convincing. Non-Templars were questioned two or more years after Philip IV had initiated proceedings against the Order, and there was plenty of time for rumours to be spread and elaborated. Some non-Templar witnesses were also influenced by matters unrelated to the charges against the Templars. Witnesses in some western countries, where Templars had no military role and were known mainly as landowners, were much more hostile than those in Cyprus. It has also been claimed that it was in the interests of the orders of friars to denigrate the Templars, although this may be questioned. Non-Templar evidence, however, was of little importance in determining the fate of the Templars: it was only in the British Isles that it may have had some significance.
Neuerungen in Herstellung und Verwaltung von Schriftgut im ordenszeitlichen Preußen bis zum Beginn des 13-jährigen Krieges
Innovations in the production and administration of documents in Prussia during the Teutonic Order’s time until the beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War If innovations in the administration of records may be regarded as the results stemming from impulses either beyond the specific reasons for writing, or beyond the need to improve clarity, then at least four of them can be recognized for the Prussian period of the Teutonic Order. These were the registration of letters in full text, the “official” translation, the recording of the pound customs receipts and the creation of collections of formulas adapted to the needs of writers, which contributed to the standardization of the administrative and legal area in Prussia. This article argues that these changes can usually be associated with the increasing employment of public notaries in the sovereign or municipal administrations of late medieval Prussia.
Revisiting the collapse of the Hospitaller priory of Dacia in Late Medieval Scandinavia (1429‒1493)
The Hospitaller priory of Dacia was one of the richest and most influential religious institutions in Medieval Scandinavia. Despite this, scholarship dealing with the Order’s Scandinavian history has been sparse, especially with regards to the latter part of the Middle Ages. While the Dacian relationship with the Order at large during the period has been covered in previous research, the institutional developments, power struggles and eventual breakdown of the priory itself have only received a cursory treatment. In this article, I revisit the collapse of relations between the Danish and Swedish branch of the Order, focusing on the violent ousting of prior Olaus Nicolai in the 1460s. By introducing previously overlooked sources, I present both a new understanding about how the breakdown of relations occurred, as well as an unique insight into the Scandinavian Hospitallers and their changing political relationship to both the Kalmar Union and the Grand Master on Rhodes.
Singing nuns and lay sisters in the Frisian houses of the Teutonic Order to 1510
Although the Teutonic Order is not known for its interest in accommodating religious women, it did provide some space for sisters to live a godly life among the brethren. Some houses with largely male occupancy had servant half-sisters. Elsewhere, sorores are encountered as sponsors who did not perform manual labour. Furthermore, in a few places, semi-autonomous convents functioned in which nuns devoted themselves to choir prayer. However, the picture of the ways in which women were given a place is still relatively diffuse. To add depth to this, this article focuses on the situation in the Frisian circle of Order houses in the north-west of the Empire. At the Order’s two main (priest-) commanderies Nes and Schoten, sisters appear to have been attached in different forms of membership. The most recognisable is found at Schoten, which long functioned as a hospitale pauperum, where a small number of serving half-sisters were active until 1491. A second form is found at Nes, which in or shortly after 1281 founded a sub-convent for women whose task it was to provide choral prayers. Because of its narrow economic subsistence base, the community were brought back to Nes around 1375, only for it to die out there. In 1491, however, on the site of the former convent, called Steenkerk, a new convent was founded by the brothers of Nes and Schoten. This time, the occupants were lay sisters, referred to as beguines, who contributed to the economic existence of their house through manual labour. They would only wear the habit of the Teutonic Order for a short time, until 1510. This article shows that the models used for the design of the nunnery convent and the later lay sister house at Steenkerk were derived from the organisation of women’s convents of other orders in the area. For the period 1281–1375, this model was based on the Frisian double monasteries of the Benedictines and Premonstratensians, and for the period 1491‒1510, it was based on the development of lay sisters convents from the sphere of the Modern Devotion.
Blasphemie vor den Toren zur islamischen Welt: Die Gesetzgebung der Johanniter auf Rhodos um 1500
Blasphemy at the gates to the Islamic World: the legislation of the Hospitallers on Rhodes around 1500 The term ‘blasphemy’ is today used as basis to justify repression and terror. Its roots go back to antiquity. While in the Old Testament everyone who blasphemes God or disregards the divine order is to be punished by death, the medieval concept of blasphemy is wider, including less severe ‘offences by the tongue’ which are prosecuted in different ways. The article discusses the accusation of blasphemy in the military orders, especially for the Hospitallers on Rhodes around 1500. Since the sources from the law courts and the inquisition are lost, the paper focusses on the normative sources, both on the statutes of the order as well as on the legislation for the order’s subjects. The Hospitallers used ‘blasphemy’ explicitly mainly for the ‘offences of the tongue’, both for their subjects as for the members of the order, partly punished with ‘mirror punishments’ like the splitting of the tongue. But heresy, apostasy, and sodomy appear at least implicitly as forms of blasphemy which were more severe and thus heavily punished, mostly by death. Muslim slaves were also threatened by lapidation when accused of blaspheming God, St Mary, the saints, the cross, etc. Since the legislation against blasphemy was intensified after 1480, it seems to have been an instrument of discipling the order’s subjects in times of external danger.
Zum Alltagsleben in den Ritterorden der Kreuzfahrerstaaten
On everyday life in the military orders of the Crusader states While everyday life in the military orders was supposed to be regulated (i.e., in compliance with rules and other normative texts), geographical location was a determining factor in how individual members experienced their environment and human interaction, and there appear to have been significant variations in this regard between East and West. Focusing on select examples pertaining to Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights in the Crusader states of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and drawing from letters, charters, inventories, narrative sources, and archaeological evidence, this article considers three particular aspects to illustrate this observation, namely, (1) materialized culture, (2) the need for translators, and (3) bathhouses. While all three had their respective equivalents in northern and western Europe, it is noteworthy that ‒ in the Near East ‒ materialized culture (e.g., in the form of weapons and textiles) was more diverse and luxurious; the need for translation was more frequent and complex (e.g., resulting in the outsourcing of such tasks to Oriental Christians with a knowledge of Arabic); and the bathhouses were more sophisticated and numerous, which confounded western clergymen who considered military prowess rather incompatible with a visit to the Hammam (i.e., an Oriental bathhouse).
Hohe Feste, niedere Feste. Der liturgische Festalltag in den Konventen des Deutschen Ordens
High feasts, low feasts. The everyday liturgical festivities in the convents of the Teutonic Order The liturgical life of the priest brothers of the Teutonic Order took place to a considerable extent in the convents and castles. Depending on the degree of celebration, the daily festivities in the Teutonic Order were organized. Complex liturgical regulations regarding the prioritization of the feasts had to be followed, which resulted from the degree of the feast. The higher the degree of celebration, the more extensive and complex the liturgy was on this and other days. The existing festival calendar also had to be taken into account, in which men's feasts, Sundays, movable feasts and saints’ feasts had to be classified. However, the definition of a feast by its degree of celebration was already recorded differently in the underlying liturgical manuscripts. The forms in the liturgical manuscripts, in turn, sometimes differed from the entries in the calendars. Even with a requirement in the standards code, the range was wide. The example of the fixed degree commemoratio shows very clearly what deviations can occur. Over time, the liturgy of the Teutonic Order changed, so that new festivals were added and the degree of celebration of existing festivals was changed. This is also shown by the feast of St. Barbara of Nicomedia, in which, despite all the uniformity, individual characteristics came into play. This means an elevation from the lowest level of celebration, the commemoratio, to a solemnity with its own rhyme office.
Between ideal and reality: Concubines, prostitutes, and dishonest women in the military orders’ everyday lives ‒ some considerations on an old issue
Women were present in the lives of the military orders, but not every single woman had a positive role to play in the orders’ reputation. Some brethren did not respect the vow of chastity, in given periods and contexts not even a majority. There were two major issues related to that: the frequenting of prostitutes and living with concubines. In some orders, such as Santiago and later also the other Iberian congregations, it was permitted for the brethren to take wives, but this did not stop all those illicit practices. Generally, in the military orders, breaking the vow of chastity was considered much less of an offence than breaking the vows of obedience and poverty. Though, in all the orders, it was important to avoid the scandals and to judge the transgressions inside the convent. Those communities had a basic ideal of life, be it within the walls of a convent or in the theatre of battle, but circumstances also changed. The brothers’ everyday life was quite different from an ideal which was markedly monastic. Everyday life in a military order was much too complicated and related to the secular world to strictly follow those ideals. This does not mean that the brethren of the military orders were lascivious sinners and womanisers, but that, in some way, the spiritual and natural ways of life could coexist in those institutions.
Castra Terrae Culmensis – the daily life of knights of the Teutonic Order in the light of recent research
This article presents the results of a long-term archaeological and environmental studies research conducted by the Institute of Archaeology at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in 2005‒2018 on castles in Papowo Biskupie, Radzyń Chełmiński, Kowalewo Pomorskie, Unisław, Starogród, Lipienek, Bierzgłowo, Wąbrzeźno and Grudziądz. The research was interdisciplinary and included also non-invasive, geoarchaeological, HGIS, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological studies. Their results were used not only to discuss the chronology of the origins of building activity and the model of the development of defensive architecture, but also to reconstruct selected elements of daily life. The daily life of the inhabitants of the Teutonic Order’s castles was conditioned by many elements related primarily to their monastic rule. However, the daily existence of the knights was also strongly influenced by the natural conditions affecting the location and position of the castles, as well as the external environment, including the architecture of the space in which the daily elements of life took place. In addition to the Rule and monastic statutes, archaeological findings uncovered in the course of the archaeological research provide interesting clues that also speak about the conditions of life, work, prayer and duties of members of the Order.
Prag, Holz und die Johanniter in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts
Prague, wood and the Hospitaller in the second half of the 14th century This article emphasizes the role of wood for many areas of human activity in the Middle Ages. Of course, this is also connected with the timber trade and its transport, for which waterways were primarily used. On the basis of two sources, namely a visitation of the Hospitaller commanderies in the Prague archdiocese from 1373 and a torso of the accounts of the same religious house from the 1480s, the author shows the mechanisms of these activities, which were carried out under the direction of the Prague commanderies. For the Prague Hospitallers, the enclave to the south upstream of the Vltava River was important, where they owned several villages as well as adjacent forests. The centre was the farmstead (curia) in Varvažov, whose administrator was one of the knightly members of the Prague Convent. The transport by boat of the timber assembled into rafts was carried out mainly by the serfs from Varvažov, Nevězice and Zbonín, who were burdened with only small financial contributions. With the price of one raft between costing 12‒32 Prague groats, the Order was able to earn almost 100 three-scores (i.e. 6,000 groats) annually, which was divided in half between the Prague Commander and the administrator from Varvažov. However, the order’s witnesses, Commander Pesslin and Prior Nicholas, did not mention the timber trade at all in their visitations.
Ungarischer Wein im mittelalterlichen Preußen
Hungarian wine in medieval Prussia In the Middle Ages, Prussia imported wine from all of the wine-producing regions of medieval Europe, including Hungarian wine from the beginning of the 15th century. Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary, was the first one to send wine to the Teutonic Order, and the first shipment was soon followed by others. Thus, Hungarian wine not only appealed to Prussian consumers, but also created an immediate demand for it. During the 15th century, Hungarian wine became available on the Prussian markets, although never in great quantities. This was due to the fact that it was not considered a drink for everyday consumption, but a highly prestigious one to be served on special, festive occasions. The best wine in Hungary at the time was produced in the south, in the wine-growing region of Syrmia, which was described in the second half of the 15th century by the Italian humanist Galeotto Marzio as “so sweet that it would be difficult to find a match for it in the whole world”. The wines of the Syrmia region could be best compared to today’s Tokaj szamorodni and aszú, known as dessert wines.
Alltag und Lebensverhältnisse des Hochmeisters in der Marienburg in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts
Everyday life and living conditions of the Grand Master in Marienburg (Malbork) in the first half of the 15th century On the basis of a wide range of sources (rules of the order, accounts, letters, deeds/notarial instruments, chronicles, envoy reports, minutes of the estates and town meetings), a wealth of information can be gleaned about the everyday and private life of the Grand Master at Marienburg Castle in the first half of the 15th century. The letter from the Grand Master’s personal physician is particularly fruitful, as it provides numerous references to the lifestyle of the head of the Order. This source is included as an edition in the appendix to the article. Overall, it can be stated that the usual daily routine of a Grand Master was essentially characterised by three components: - Religious acts that were spread throughout the course of the day (participation in masses and prayers of the hours, in particular the daily night orthros between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m.). - Eating and drinking (court meals at midday and in the evening, morning soup, collacia). - Political and administrative activities (consultations, negotiations, councils with the dignitaries, envoy receptions, meetings of cities and estates, etc.), mainly in the mornings and afternoons. In addition to these three main areas of daily activity, which were largely of a public-representative nature, there was also a private sphere in the life of the Grand Master. The time for relaxing or entertaining activities was very limited, but the sources give partial insights into this personal sphere (e.g. pets, music, studies, amusement).
Inventare als Spiegel der Wohn- und Lebenssituation des 16. Jahrhunderts in den Kommenden Würzburg und Münnerstadt
Inventories as a reflection of the living situation of the 16th century in the Würzburg and Münnerstadt commanderies The following paper will have its focus on four inventories of commanderies, which were compiled in 1542 and 1550 for Würzburg, and in 1543 and 1544 for Münnerstadt, i.e. almost at the same time. The inventories recorded all movables belonging to the two commanderies in Franconia, and thus give a specific impression of the furnishing of most of its rooms. In all four inventories, a social distinction is clearly made between representation rooms and bedrooms, while storage rooms and courtyards complete the records. For instance, the crockery in the kitchen documents the hierarchical differences between the residents. The information reflects a more noble rather than a monastic dominated living arrangements. Overall, the inventories show relatively upscale furnishings with a significantly richness of movables, which could be an indication of a more luxurious lifestyle of the Teutonic knights. Weapons and horses can hardly be found in these Frankish commanderies.
Antwort auf die Replik von Piotr Gotówko, erschienen in Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica. Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders 27 (2022): 297–305
Laurent Fenoy. Chypre, l’île des nations chrétiennes, 1192‒1473. Paris: Geuthner, 2023. 755 pp. ISBN: 978-2705-3411-07.
D’Orient en Occident. Les Templiers des origines à la fin du XIIe siècle. Actes du colloque international Troyes-Abbaye de Clairvaux, 3–5 novembre 2021. Edited by Arnaud Baudin and Philippe Josserand. Gent: Snoeck, 2023. 415 pp., ill.
Juhan Kreem. Ordu sügis. Saksa Ordu 16. sajandi Liivimaal [The Autumn of the Order. The Teutonic Order in Sixteenth-Century Livonia]. Tallinna Linnaarhiivi toimetised 17. Tallinn: Tallinna Linnaarhiiv, 2022. 584 pp., ill.
Gil Fishhof. Shaping Identities in the Holy Land. Crusader Art in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: Patrons and Viewers. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge 2024. 361+xiii pp, ill. ISBN: 978-1-032-27171-2.
Rombert Stapel. Medieval Authorship and Cultural Exchange in the Late Fifteenth Century. The Utrecht Chronicle of the Teutonic Order. Abingdon‒NewYork: Routledge 2021. 462 pp. ISBN: 978-0-429-35312-3.
Werner Paravicini. Verlust und Dauer. Weshalb sie nicht mehr fuhren und was an die Stelle trat: Die Preußenreisen des europäischen Adels. Part 4. Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2023. 596 pp. ISBN: 978-3-8471-1656-1.
Remigiusz Stachowiak. Spätmittelalterliche Kirchenkarrieren preussischer Kleriker. Soziale Räume und Netzwerke zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie. Einzelschriften der Historischen Kommission für Ost- und Westpreussische Landesforschung 32.
Lech Łbik. Kult błogosławionej Doroty w Prusach krzyżackich [The Cult of the Blessed Dorothea in the Teutonic Order’s Prussia]. Kęty: Wydawnictwo Marek Derewiecki, 2022. 183 pp., 1 tab., summary. ISBN: 978-83-66941-21-2.
Der Liber Ordinarius. Die Grundlage für die Liturgie des Deutschen Ordens im Mittelalter. Herausgegeben von Anette Löffler.
Martina Wagner. Vom Hochmeister zum Direktorium. Die Veränderung der Binnenstruktur des Deutschen Ordens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 92.
Philippe Josserand. Jacques de Molay. Le dernier grand-maître des Templiers. Édition revue et augmentée. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2023. 541 pp. ISBN: 978-2-251-44977-7.
Marcin Sumowski. Duchowni i mieszczanie. Kler niższy w społeczeństwie późnośredniowiecznych miast pruskich [Clergy and Townsfolk. The Lower Clergy in the Society of Late Medieval Prussian Towns].
Zwischen Mittelmeer und Baltikum. Festschrift für Hubert Houben zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Udo Arnold, Roman Czaja, and Jürgen Sarnowsky.
Settlement and Crusade in the Thirteenth Century: Multidisciplinary Studies of the Latin East. Edited by Gil Fishhof, Judith Bronstein, and Vardit R. Shotten-Hallel. Abington: Routledge, 2021. 296 pp. ISBN: 978-0-429-20388-6.
Kristjan Toomaspoeg. The Teutonic Order in Italy, 1100–1525: Building Bridges in the Medieval World. The Military Religious Orders: History, Sources, and Memory 11. London: Routledge, 2024. 216 pp. ISBN: 978-1-032-15347-6.
Kommendenausbau im Hl. Römischen Reich des 13. Jahrhunderts. Italien, Franken, Preußen und Livland in vergleichender Perspektive. Herausgegeben von Helmut Flachenecker unter Mitarbeit von Tobias Baus und Katharina Kemmer.