Philibert de Naillac, Master of Rhodes: 1396‒1421
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/OM.2023.007Keywords
history, the Middle Ages, military orders, Hospitallers, Philibert de Naillac, Nikopolis, holy war, RhodesAbstract
Philibert de Naillac belonged to the nobility of Berri. He entered the military-religious order of the Hospital and by 1374 held the Commandery of Lureil in the Priory of Auvergne; in 1390 he became Prior of Aquitaine and was due to travel to Rhodes. Apparently in 1395 he again left for Rhodes where, probably on 6 May 1396, he was elected Master. Soon after he led a Hospitaller contingent into the Black Sea and up the Danube to Nikopolis to join a crusade which on 25 September 1396 was defeated by the Turks; Naillac escaped, rescuing Sigismund of Hungary from captivity or death. Subsequently the Hospitallers defended Constantinople and the Morea against the Turks, built the large “Naillac” tower in Rhodes harbour, and in 1406/1407 constructed a castle at Bodrum on the Anatolian mainland opposite Kos. Meanwhile the Hospital’s holy warfare at sea included the semi-piratical corso. Naillac’s administrative tasks and visitations were extensive in both East and West. The Hospital's manpower and money reaching Rhodes were seriously reduced by defections provoked by the papal schism, and in 1409 the Master travelled to Pisa where a council elected a new pope with Naillac guarding the conclave. He continued to work for a settlement and in 1417 he again guarded the conclave at Constance where the schism was largely ended. The schism within the Hospital itself was also slowly eliminated. In 1420 Naillac returned to Rhodes where he held a chapter general which passed important legislation. He died in 1421 after a lengthy rule which, not without some dubious aspects, did much to preserve the Hospitaller order.
References
PRIMARY SOURCES:
Firenze. Biblioteca Nazionale, Ms. XXXII, 37.
Paris. Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. français 1079.
Roma. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Ms. Corsini 41 D 25 (olim Rossi, 96).
Valletta. National Library of Malta, Archives of the Order of Saint John, cod. 218 [252], 320, 324, 339.
Chroniques d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Vol. 2. Edited by Louis Claude Douët-d’Arcq. Paris: Renouard, 1858.
The Council of Constance: The Unification of the Church. Edited by John Hine Mundy and Kennerly Merritt Woody. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
Documents concerning Central Europe in the Hospital’s Rhodian Archives, 1314–1428. Edited by Karl Borchardt. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021.
Estatutos de la Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén. Edited by Marie-Rose Bonnet and Ricardo Cierbide Martinena. Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 2006.
Traité d’Emmanuel Piloti sur le passage en Terre Sainte (1420). Edited by Pierre¬-Herman Dopp. Louvain: Persee,1958.
SECONDARY SOURCES:
Balbi, Giovanna Petti. “I Gerosolimitani in Liguria in età medievale tra tensioni politiche e compiti istituzionali.” In Cavalieri di San Giovanni e territorio: la Liguria tra Provenza e Lombardia nei secoli XIII‒XVII, edited by Josepha Costa Restagno, 165–190. Genoa: Istituto internazionale di studi liguri, 1999.
Barker, John Walton. “Byzantium and the Hospitallers: 1306–1421.” In Bisanzio, Venezia e il Mondo franco-greco (XIII‒XV secolo), edited by Chryssa A. Maltézou and Peter Schreiner, 41–64. Venice: Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini, Centro Tedesco di studi Veneziani, 2002.
Bernstorff Garcia-Lascurain, Ignacio. Die Athleten und der Vikar Christi: Untersuchung zur Semantik der Beziehung zwischen dem Johanniterorden und dem Heiligen Stuhl (1393–1503). Sankt Ottilien: Editions Sankt Ottilien, 2021.
Bessey, Valérie, and Jean Bernard de Vaivre. “Les prieurs et le prieuré d’Auvergne au XVe siècle.” Société de l’histoire et du patrimoine de l’Ordre de Malte: Bulletin 44 (2021): 5–105.
Bonet Donato, María. “Obligaciones y contribuciones de los hospitalarios hispanos al convento de Rodas.” In Financiar el reino terrenal: la contribución de la Iglesia a finales de la edad media siglos XIII‒XVI, edited by Jordi Morelló Baget (Barcelona: Institución Milá i Fontanals, 2013), 281–313.
Bonneaud, Pierre. Els Hospitalers catalans a la fi de l’edat mitjana. Lleida: Pagès, 2008.
Delaville le Roulx, Joseph. Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes jusqu’à la mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310–1421). Paris: E. Leroux, 1913.
Fuess, Albrecht. “Prelude to a Strategic Involvement in the Middle East: French attacks on Beirut in the years 1403 and 1520.” Al-Masaq 17 (2005): 171–192.
Hill, George Francis. A History of Cyprus. Vol. 2, The Frankish Period, 1192–1432. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
Housley, Norman. “Costing the crusade: budgeting for crusading activity in the fourteenth century.” In The Experience of Crusading. Vol. 1, Western Approaches, edited by Marcus Bull and Norman Housley, 45–59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Luttrell, Anthony. “A Hospitaller Despropriamentum: Dubrovnik, 1396.” Ordines Militares 3 (2021): 341–357.
Luttrell, Anthony. “The Development of Rhodes Town after 1306.” In Crusader Landscapes in the Medieval Levant, edited by Michaela Sinibald, Kevin James Lewis, Balázs Major, and Jennifer A. Thompson, 131–141. Cardiff: Cardiff University Press, 2016.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Dragonetto Clavelli: Magistral Procurator on Rhodes 1382–1415.” Studi Melitensi (2022): 39–52.
Luttrell, Anthony. “The English Hospitallers in Holy War and Papal Schism: 1378–1417” (forthcoming).
Luttrell, Anthony. “Fr. Domenico de Alamania: a career on Hospitaller Rhodes.” Studi Melitensi 29 (2021): 73–91.
Luttrell, Anthony. The Hospitallers of Rhodes and their Mediterranean World. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1992.
Luttrell, Anthony. The Hospitaller State on Rhodes and its Western Provinces, 1306–1462. Ashgate: Variorum, 1999.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Juan Fernández de Heredia and the Compilation of the Aragonese Chronicle of the Morea.” Deus Vult: Miscellania di studi stugli ordini militari 1 (2011): 69‒134.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Linguistic Encounters: Hospitaller Rhodes after 1306.” Medioevo Romanzo 45 (2021): 241–252.
Luttrell, Anthony. “‘Liquid Frontiers’: Hospitaller Rhodes 1306–1421.” In Ordens militares: identidade e mudança. Vol. 1, edited by Isabel Cristina Ferreira Fernandes, 209–14. Palmela: Município de Palmela, 2021.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Les murailles de Rhodes: 1306–1467.” Société de l’histoire et du patrimoine de l’Ordre de Malte: Bulletin 41 (2019): 35–41.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Papauté et Hôpital: l’Enquête de 1373.” In L’Enquête pontificale de 1373 sur l’ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem: l’Enquête dans le Prieuré de France, edited by Jean Glénisson and Anne-Marie Legras, 3–42. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1987.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Rhodes and Cyprus: 1409–1459.” In Documents concerning Cyprus from the Hospital’s Rhodian Archives: 1409–1459, edited by Karl Borchardt, Anthony T. Luttrell, and Ekhard Schöffler, xliii–xcii. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 2011.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Soffredo Calvi Burgensis de Rhodes.” Bulletin: Société de l’histoire et du patrimoine de l’Ordre de Malte 46 (2022).
Luttrell, Anthony. Studies on the Hospitallers after 1306: Rhodes and the West. Aldershot: Ashgate Variorium, 2007.
Luttrell, Anthony. “Timur’s Capture of Hospitaller Smyrna (1402).” In Von Hamburg nach Java: Studien zur mittelalterlichen, neuen und digitalen Geschichte. Festschrift zu Ehren von Jürgen Sarnowsky, edited by Jochen Burgtorf, Christian Hoffarth, and Sebastian Kubon, 337–348. Göttingen: V&R, 2020.
Luttrell, Anthony. The Town of Rhodes 1306–1356. Rhodes: City of Rhodes Office for the Medieval Town, 2003.
Luttrell, Anthony, and Elizabeth Zachariadou. Sources for Turkish History in the Hospitallers’ Rhodian Archive 1389–1422. Athens: The National Hellenic Research Foundation, 2008.
Luttrell, Anthony, and Gregory J. O’Malley. The Countryside of Hospitaller Rhodes 1306–1423. Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.
Nicholson, Helen. “Remembering the Crusaders in Cyprus: The Lusignans, the Hospitallers and the 1191 Conquest of Cyprus in Jean d’Arras’s Mélusine.” In Literature of the Crusades, edited by Simon Thomas Parsons and Linda Paterson, 158–172. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2018.
Phillips, Simon. “Piety and Property in Late Medieval and Early Modern Rhodes: the Case of Trianda,” in The Military Orders. Vol. 7, Piety, Pugnacity and Property, edited by Nicholas Morton, 85–94. Abingdon: Routledge, 2020.
Roger, Jean-Marc. “F. Jean de Vivonne, Prieur d’Aquitaine (1421–1433).” Revue historique du Centre-Ouest 7 (2008): 287–400.
Roger, Jean-Marc. Nouveaux regards sur des monuments des Hospitaliers à Rhodes. Poitiers: J.-M. Roger, 2010.
Sarnowsky, Jürgen. “Die Johanniter und Smyrna (1344–1402).” Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte 87 (1992): 47–98.
Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204‒1571). Vol. 1, The 13th and 14th Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976.
Taylor, Craig, and Jane H. M. Taylor. The Chivalric Biography of Boucicaut, Jean II Le Meingre. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2016.
Vallery-Radot, Sophie. Les Français au Concile de Constance (1414–1418). Turnhout: Brepols, 2016.
Tipton, Charles L. “The English Hospitallers during the Great Schism.” Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History 4 (1967): 91–124.
Vaivre, Jean Bernard de. “Le château Saint-Pierre et ses campagnes de construction.” Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot 89 (2010): 69‒84.
Wright, Christopher. “An Investment in Goodwill: Financing the Ransom of the Leaders of the Crusade of Nikopolis.” Viator 45, no. 3 (2014): 261–294.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Anthony Luttrell
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
CC BY ND 4.0. The Creator/Contributor is the Licensor, who grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work on the fields indicated in the License Agreement.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 286
Number of citations: 0
