Yield and antioxidant properties of herb and root of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) grown with permaculture under Subcarpathian conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/HERB.2025.001Schlagworte
permaculture, ashwagandha, herb, root, yield, extracts, antioxidant propertiesAbstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a pilot experiment on the cultivation of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) using the permaculture method, to estimate the yield of the herb and roots of this species and to determine their antioxidant properties. The field experiment was conducted in 2024 in the Subcarpathian voivodeships (50°82′ N 23°54′ E), Poland. The experiment was established in raised beds using the permaculture method on lasagne-type perches. The average herb fresh weight yield was 7.422 kg/m2. Herb dry matter yield was 2.186 kg/m2, root fresh weight yield was 1.569 kg/m2 and root dry matter yield was 0.594 kg/m2. Both the herb and the roots of ashwagandha hold antioxidant properties; however, the level of antioxidant properties depended on the harvest date. The highest level of antioxidant properties was observed in samples of the herb harvested in August, i.e. on the first harvest date. This value was 33.55% higher compared to the herb sample collected in October (second harvest date). e harvested roots of ashwagandha were characterised by dierent levels of antioxidant properties in the dierent harvest dates. In this case, the highest level of antioxidant properties was recorded in root samples collected at the end of the ashwagandha growing season, i.e. at harvest date II. It was also observed that the level of antioxidant properties of the herb and the roots of ashwagandha depended on the type of solvent used to prepare the extracts.
Literaturhinweise
[1] Holmgren D., Permaculture – Principles and Pathways beyond Sustainability, Holmgren Design Services, Victoria, Australia 2002.
[2] Alakendu P.R., Afiya S., Senthilkumar S., Manivannan S., Permaculture: A Sustainable Farming Approach for Modern Era, Haya: Saudi Journal of Life Science, 2024, 9(7), pp. 305–312.
[3] Bhandari D., Bisto B., Permaculture: A Key Driver for Sustainable Agriculture in Nepal, International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2019, 7(2), pp. 167–173.
[4] Fadaee S., The permaculture movement in India: A social movement with Southern characteristics, Social Movement Studies, 2019, 18(6), pp. 720–734.
[5] Rhodes C.J., Permaculture: Regenerative – not merely sustainable, Science Progress, 2015, 98(4), pp. 403–412.
[6] Maye D., Examining innovation for sustainability from the bottom up: An analysis of the permaculture community in England, Sociologic Ruralise, 2018, 58(2), pp. 331–350.
[7] Krebs J., Bach S., Permaculture – Scientific evidence of principles for the agroecological design of farming systems, Sustainability, 2018, 10(9), p. 3218.
[8] PN-R-04031: 1997. Instrukcja pobierania próbek glebowych.
[9] Mocek A., Gleboznawstwo, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2015.
[10] Kostecka-Gugała A., Kruczek M., Ledwożyw-Smoleń I., Kaszycki P., Antioxidants and Health-Beneficial Nutrients in Fruits of Eighteen Cucurbita Cultivars: Analysis of Diversity and Dietary Implications, Molecules, 2020, 25, p. 1792.
[11] Cybul M., Nowak R., Przegląd metod stosowanych w analizie właściwości antyoksydacyjnych wyciągów roślinnych, Herba Polonica, 2008, 1, pp. 68–78.
[12] Obidoska G., Sadowska A., Próby uprawy polowej Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. oraz ocena plonu i wartości surowca krajowego, Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, 2004, 233, pp. 173–180.
[13] Williamson R.F., Reay M., Sgouridis F., Permaculture Management of Arable Soil Increases Soil Microbial Abundance, Nutrients, and Carbon Stocks Compared to Conventional Agriculture, Agronomy, 2024, 14, p. 1446.
[14] Prajapati R.K., Sunil P., Nagauria M.N., Koulini S.R., Effect of sowing method on growth and yield of Ashwagandha in black soil under Gmelina arboria based agroforestry system, [in:] Multipurpose Trees in the tropics: Management and improvement strategies, (eds.) V.P. Tewari and R.L. Srivastava, Arid Forest Research Institute, 2005, pp. 343–346.
[15] Pandey P.K., Shukla P.K., Studies on propagation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal), Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, 2004, 11, pp. 131–134.
[16] Anand R.K., Dwivedi S.V., Sagar V., Effect of sowing methods on growth, yield and economics of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) under rainfed conditions, Progressive Horticulture, 2016, 48(2), pp. 136–140.
[17] Noworolnik K., Warunki glebowe a plonowanie zbóż i ich współdziałania z czynnikami agrotechnicznymi, Studia i Raporty IUNG-PIB, 2015, 44(18), pp. 119–133.
[18] Helfenstein J., Müller I., Grüter R., Bhullar G., Mandloi L., Papritz A., Siegrist M., Schulin R., Frossard E., Organic Wheat Farming Improves Grain Zinc Concentration, PLoS ONE, 2016, 11(8), pp. 1–20.
[19] Ukalska-Jaruga A., Smreczak B., Klimkowicz-Pawlas A., Maliszewska-Kordybach B., Rola materii organicznej w procesach akumulacji trwałych zanieczyszczeń organicznych (TZO) w glebach, Polish Journal of Agronomy, 2015, 20, pp. 15–23.
[20] Księżak J., Kęsik K., Wpływ nawożenia mineralnego i organicznego na plonowanie i jakość nasion bobiku, Polish Journal of Agronomy, 2017, 31, pp. 52–62.
[21] Trawczyński C., Bilans azotu, fosforu i potasu drugiej rotacji płodozmianu w systemie produkcji ekologicznej na glebie lekkiej, Fragmenta Agronomica, 2015, 32(2), pp. 87–96.
[22] Janowiak J., Spychaj-Fabisiak E., Próchnicotwórcza rola słomy przyorywanej bez obornika i razem z obornikiem na tle zróżnicowanego nawożenia azotem na glebie lekkiej, Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, 2006, 512, pp. 201–207.
[23] Neina D., The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation, Applied & Environmental Soil Science, 2019, pp. 1–9.
[24] Widłak M., Zmienność wybranych parametrów gleb ornych w okresie cyklu wegetacyjnego roślin, Annual Set The Environment Protection, 2016, 18, pp. 803–814.
[25] Kloc-Szatnik A., Wpływ pH na zawartość manganu w roślinach pochodzących z siedlisk naturalnych i uprawianych w kulturach wodnych, Acta Agrophysica, 2001, 57, pp. 139–146.
[26] Rajeswara B.R., Opportunities and challenges in the cultivation of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal), Journal of Pharmacognosy, 2012, 3(2), pp. 88–91.
[27] Srivastava M.P., Gupta S., Dixit S., Yadav N., Yadav V., HinaS., Singh H., Kanaujia P., Sharma Y.K., Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A wonder herb with multiple medicinal properties, Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2018; 4(2), pp. 123–130.
[28] Nenadis N., Tsimidou M., Observations on the estimation of scavenging activity of phenolic compounds using rapid 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests, Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 2002, 79, pp. 1191–1195.
[29] Sanchez-Moreno C., Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems, Food Science and Technology International, 2002, 8(3), pp. 121–137.
[30] Tousif M.I., Nazir M., Saleem M., Tauseef S., Uddin R., Altaf M., Zengin G., Ak G., Ozturk R.B., Mahomoodally M.F., Exploring the industrial importance of a miracle herb Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Authentication through chemical profiling, in vitro studies and computational analyses, Process Biochemia, 2022, 121, pp. 514–528.
[31] Jezierska A., Sykuła A., Antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera and Withania somnifera extracts and their use in cosmetics for men, Biotechnology Food Science, 2023, 85(1), pp. 34–42.
[32] Ghasemzadeh A., Omidvar V., Jaafar Z.H., Polyphenolic content and their antioxidant activity in leaf extract of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012, 6, pp. 2971–2976.
[33] Truong V.D., McFeeters R.F., Thompson R.T., Dean L.L., Shofran B., Phenolic acid content and composition in leaves and roots of common commercial sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars in the United States, Journal Food Science, 2007, p. 72, pp. C343–C349.
[34] Gupta S., Pareek S., Ameta K.D., Sarolia D.K., Pilania S., Kaushik R.A., Shuklaand K.B., Kumari P., Analysis of nutritional composition of sweet potato vines, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2018, 7(2), pp. 104–106.
[35] Fernando I.D.N.S., Abeysinghe D.C., Dharmadasa R.M., Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. from three different growth stages, Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 50, pp. 537–539.
[36] Sharma A.K., Basu I., Singh S., Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial, Journal Altern Complement Medicine, 2018, 24(3), pp. 243–248.
[37] Sharma R., Samant S., Sharma P., Devi S., Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Withania somnifera leaves growing in natural habitats of North-west Himalaya, India, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012, 6(5), pp. 657–661.
[38] Dhanani T., Shah S., Gajbhiye N.A. Kumar G.S., Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2017, 10(1), pp. 1193–1199.
[39] Ezez D., Mekonnen N., Tefera M., Phytochemical analysis of Withania somnifera leaf extracts by GC-MS and evaluating antioxidants and antibacterial activities, International Journal of Food Properties, 2023, 26(10), pp. 581–590.
Downloads
Veröffentlicht
Zitationsvorschlag
Ausgabe
Rubrik
Lizenz
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 3
Number of citations: 0
