The Perception of Pain and Suffering of the Weak, the Innocent and the Marginalized from Evolution and from Christian Theology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2024.004Słowa kluczowe
pain, suffering, evolution, ethics, anthropology, theologyAbstrakt
The topic of pain and suffering is complex and requires a holistic vision. This article begins by clarifying concepts to understand pain as a biological, psychological, and social phenomenon that has an evolutionary history whose maximum expression arises in humans. Established this common ground, it explores altruism and animal cooperation as incipient phenomena of care for the other, though contextual. Then it points out that the difference with humans is that they perceive caring for the weak, innocent, and marginalized as a moral duty and a path of personal flourishing. Finally, in the face of human weakness and from Christian theology, God shows with deeds a path of care for the weak by making himself weak, suffering and remaining innocent.
Bibliografia
Allweiler, Sandra. 2023. “Recognition and assessment of pain in animals.” Merck Veterinary Manual.
Berwick, Robert C., and Noam Chomsky. 2016. Why Only Us Language and Evolution. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10684.001.0001.
Boddice, Rob. 2017. Pain: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bonavita, Vincenzo, and Roberto De Simone. 2011. “Pain as an evolutionary necessity.” Neurol Sci 32 (Suppl 1): 61–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-011-0539-y.
Brette, Romain. 2021. “Integrative Neuroscience of Paramecium, a ‘Swimming Neuron’.” eNeuro 8: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0018-21.2021.
Cassell, Eric J. 1999. “Diagnosing suffering: a perspective.” Annals of internal medicine 131, no. 7: 531–4. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00009.
Cordier, Larissa, and Martin Diers. 2018. “Learning and Unlearning of Pain.” Biomedicines 6, no. 2: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines6020067.
Craig, Kenneth D., and Nicole E. MacKenzie. 2021. “What is pain: Are cognitive and social features core components?” Paediatr Neonatal Pain 3: 106–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/pne2.12046.
Denny, Elaine. 2018. Pain: A Sociological Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
De Waal, Frans. 2009. Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Draguhn, Andreas, Jon M. Mallatt, and David G. Robinson. 2021. “Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness.” Protoplasma 258, 239–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9.
Durso, Geoffrey R. O., Andrew Luttrell, and Baldwin M. Way. 2015. “Over-the-counter relief from pains and pleasures alike: Acetaminophen blunts evaluation sensitivity to both negative and positive stimuli.” Psychological science 26, no. 6: 750–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615570366.
Elwood, Robert W. 2019. “Assessing the potential for pain in crustaceans and other invertebrates.” In The Welfare of Invertebrate Animals, edited by Claudio Carere and Jennifer Mather, 147–77. Cham: Springer.
Exline, Julie J. 2020. “Anger toward God and Divine Forgiveness.” In Handbook of Forgiveness, 2nd ed., edited by Everett L. Worthington Jr. and Nathaniel G. Wade, 117–27. New York: Routledge.
Hall, M. Elizabeth, Richard Langer, and Jason Mcmartin. 2010. “The Role of Suffering in Human Flourishing: Contributions from Positive Psychology, Theology, and Philosophy.” Journal of Psychology and Theology 38, no. 2, 111–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711003800204.
Herce, Rubén. 2022. La ética es cosa de otros. Pamplona: Eunsa.
Horvat, Sasa. 2023. “Pain, Life, and God: Theodicy Informed by Biology and Evolutionary Medicine.” Religions 14, no. 3: 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14030319.
John Paul II, Pope. 1984. Salvifici doloris.
Key, Brian. 2015. “Fish do not feel pain and its implications for understanding phenomenal consciousness.” Biology and Philosophy 30: 149–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-014-9469-4.
Kross, Ethan, Marc G. Berman, Walter Mischel, Edward E. Smith, and Tor D. Wager. 2011. “Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 6270–75. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102693108.
Lumbreras, Sara. 2020. “The Transcendent Within: How Our Own Biology Leads to Spirituality.” In Issues in Science and Theology: Nature – and Beyond, edited by Michael Fuller, Dirk Evers, Anne Runehov, Knut-Willy Sæther, and Bernard Michollet, vol. 5, 187–97. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31182-7_15.
MacIntyre, Alasdair C. 1999. Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. Chicago Illinois: Open Court.
Mintz, Avi I. 2013. “Helping by hurting: the paradox of suffering in social justice education.” Theory and Research in Education 11, no. 3, 215–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878513498179.
Nagel, Thomas. 1974. “What is it like to be a bat?” The Philosophical Review 83, no.4: 435–50.
Nesse, Randolph M., and Jay Schulkin. 2019. “An evolutionary medicine perspective on pain and its disorders.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 374: 20190288. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0288.
Novo, Javier. 2019. Evolución: para creyentes y otros escépticos. Madrid: Rialp.
Slavich, George M., Grant S. Shields, Bailey D. Deal, Amy Gregory, and Loren L Toussaint. 2019. “Alleviating social pain: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of forgiveness and acetaminophen.” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 53, no. 12: 1045–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz015.
Sneddon, Lynne U. 2019. “Evolution of nociception and pain: Evidence from fish models.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B Biological Sciences 374: 20190290. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0290.
Staub, Ervin, and Johanna Vollhardt. 2008. “Altruism born of suffering: The roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78, no. 3, 267–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014223.
Sollereder, Bethany. 2019. God, evolution, and animal suffering: Theodicy without a fall, New York, NY: Routledge.
Stump, Eleonore. 2010. Wandering in Darkness: Narrative and the Problem of Suffering. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walters, Edgar T., and Amanda C. de C. Williams. 2019. “Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B Biological Sciences 374: 20190275. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0275.
Wohlleben, Peter. 2017. The Inner Life of Animals: Love, Grief, and Compassion – Surprising Observations of a Hidden World. London: The Bodley Head.
Zimmermann, Manfred. 1986. “Physiologische Mechanismen des Schmerzes und seiner Behandlung.” In Schmerztherapie. Klinische Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, edited by Hans Bergmann, vol 32. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71333-0_1.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Rubén Herce
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
CC BY ND 4.0. Posiadaczem prawa autorskiego (Licencjodawcą) jest Autor, który na mocy umowy licencyjnej udziela nieodpłatnie prawa do eksploatacji dzieła na polach wskazanych w umowie.
- Licencjodawca udziela Licencjobiorcy licencji niewyłącznej na korzystanie z Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego w następujących polach eksploatacji: a) utrwalanie Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego; b) reprodukowanie (zwielokrotnienie) Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego drukiem i techniką cyfrową (e-book, audiobook); c) wprowadzania do obrotu egzemplarzy zwielokrotnionego Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego; d) wprowadzenie Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego do pamięci komputera; e) rozpowszechnianie utworu w wersji elektronicznej w formule open access na licencji Creative Commons (CC BY-ND 3.0) poprzez platformę cyfrową Wydawnictwa Naukowego UMK oraz repozytorium UMK.
- Korzystanie przez Licencjobiorcę z utrwalonego Utworu ww. polach nie jest ograniczone czasowo ilościowo i terytorialnie.
- Licencjodawca udziela Licencjobiorcy licencji do Utworu/przedmiotu prawa pokrewnego nieodpłatnie na czas nieokreślony
PEŁEN TEKST UMOWY LICENCYJNEJ >>
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 572
Liczba cytowań: 0
