Neurociencia y fe: El sistema de creencias como lugar de encuentro interdisciplinar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2014.021Parole chiave
default mode, rich-club, precuneus, faith, interdisciplinary dialog, beliefsAbstract
Neuroscience and Faith: The belief system as a venue of interdisciplinary meeting
The present paper offers contributions from neuroscience to faith experience and vice versa. First of all, we look for a meeting point between them for beginning the interdisciplinary dialog. Personal system of beliefs (PSB in English and SPC in Spanish) is proposed as the meeting point. PSB has to do with both disciplines. The relation between PSB and faith is assumed, but it is not treated here. Here we try to answer two questions: (i) what can be said from neuroscience about PSB?, and (ii) what can be useful for the experience of faith? To do that we make a conceptual redefinition of one neural system that neuroscience calls “default mode”.
So, we need to clarify how neuroscience works. How several reductions of reality are made in order to be capable to study it. We also introduce some other elements which manifest the person as a unity. After this initial approach (parts 1 and 2), a neuroanatomical presentation (part 3) about the “default mode”, “precuneus”, and “rich-club” is presented.
This is the starting point for the following reflection about contributions from cognitive neuropsychology to faith experience. They show the importance of keeping in contact faith experience with the whole life and reality, of human relationships, of emotions, and they also talk about personal processes for maturation, about the consequences for personal future and other relevant aspects like: conscience, forgiveness, cognitive dissonance / blame, and possible pathology of faith (part 4).
The conceptual redefinition of “default mode network” (DMN) as a personal system of beliefs (PSB) is made in order to have a broad conception of making decisions. Neuroscience has reached the view that emotion, as body and perception are several elements for making decisions, but it is not yet assumed that our PSB is another element playing an important role. PSB would be the abstract representation about what is and what could be the world, my relationships, and myself. these beliefs are reached through a long process of reappraisal in which personal experiences, emotion, and relationships are settled down. When beliefs are formed thanks to abstraction they are no longer connected to a given and concrete experience but to a conceptualization of the whole world and myself. Thus, the PSB is one more element for making decisions.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Álvaro-González, L.C. 2014. "Neuroética (I). Circuitos morales en el cerebro normal." Rev Neurol 58: 225-33.
Alves, R.R. and Alves, Hda.N. et al. 2010. Souto Wde M.,"The influence of religiosity on health." Cien Saude Colet. 15 (4): 2105-11.
Amodio, D.M. and Harmon-Jones, E. et al. 2004. "Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias." Psychol Sci. 15 (2): 88-93.
Andrews-Hanna, J.R. and Reidler, J.S. et al. 2010a. "Evidence for the Default Network's Role in Spontaneous Cognition." J Neurophysiol. 104 (1): 322–335.
Andrews-Hanna, J.R. and Reidler, J.S. et al. 2010b. "Functional-Anatomic Fractionation of the Brain's Default Network." Neuron. 65 (4): 550–562.
Anticevic, A. and Cole, M.W. et al. 2012. "The role of default network deactivation in cognition and disease." Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Vol. 16, No. 12.
Artigas-Pallarés J. 2011. “Discalculia.” In Transtornos del neurodesarrollo. Barcelona: Viguera.
Barsaglini, A. and Sartori, G. et al. 2013. "The effects of psychotherapy on brain function: A systematic and critical review." Prog. Neurobiol. Vol. 114: 1-14.
Baumeister, R.F. and Campbell, J.D. et al. 2003. "Does high self-steem cause better perfonmance, itnerpersonal success, happiness or healthier livestyles?". Psychological science in the public interest. Vol. 4. Nº 1.
Behrendt, R.P. 2013. "Conscious experience and episodic memory: hippocampus at the crossroads." Frontiers in psychology. Vol. 4. Art. 304.
Bermejo, F. 2010. "La conciencia, la conciencia de si mismo y las neuronas de von Economo." Rev neural 50 (7): 385-386.
Bhanji J.P. and Delgado M.R. 2014. "Perceived Control Influences Neural Responses to Setbacks and Promotes Persistence." Neuron, 83: 1-17.
Blakemore, S.J. 2008. "The social brain in adolescence." Nature reviews. Vol. 9: 267-277.
Blakemore, S.J. and Decety, J. 2001. "From the perception of action to understanding of intention." Nature reviews. Neuroscience. Vol. 2: 561-568.
Bonnici, H.M. and Chadwick, M.J. et al. 2012. "Detecting representations of recent and remote autobiographical memories in vmPFC and Hippocampus". The journal of neuroscience. 32 (47): 16982-16991.
Boyatzis, R.E. and Rochford, K. et al. 2014. "Antagonistic neural networks underlying differentiated leadership roles". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Vol. 8. Art. 114.
Boyle, P.A. and Buchman, A.S. et al. 2010. "Effect of a Purpose in Life on Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Persons". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 67 (3): 304–310.
Butler, D. L. and Mattingley, J.B. et al. 2012. "Mirror, mirror on the wall, how does my brain recognize my image at all?". PLoS One. 2012;7 (2): e31452.
Campbell, K.L. and Grigg, O. et al. 2013. "Age differences in the intrinsic functional connectivity of default network subsystems." Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Vol. 5. Art. 73.
Canolty, R.T. Knight, R.T. 2010. "The functional role of cross-frequency coupling." Trends Cogn Sci. 14 (11): 506–515.
Carandini, M. 2012. "From circuits to behavior: a bridge too far?" Nature Neuroscience 15: 507–509.
Carissa, R. and Allison, M. et al. 2014. "Academic and Emotional Functioning in Middle School: The Role of Implicit Theories." Emotion, 14 (2): 227-234.
Catani, M. and Dell’Acqua, F. 2013. Thiebaut de Schotten M. "A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour." Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37: 1724– 1737.
Cauda, F. and Geminiani, G.C. et al. 2014. "Evolutionary appearance of von Economo’s neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex." Frontiers in human neuroscience. Vol. 8. Art. 104.
Cavanna, A. 2007. "The ‘precuneus’ and Consciousness." CNS Spectr 12 (7): 545-552.
Cavanna, A. and Trimble, M.R. 2006. "The "precuneus": a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates." Brain 129: 564-593.
Chen, A.C. and Oathes, D.J. et al. 2013. "Causal interactions between fronto-parietal central executive and default-mode networks in humans." PNAS Vol. 110. nº49. 19944-19949.
Christoff, K. 2012. "Undirected thought: Neural determinants and correlates." Brain research. 1428: 51–59.
Claxton, G. 2007. "Cultivating the means to be happy: What does it take?" In Institute for the Future of the Mind, Transcript of the keynote seminar of the All-party Parliamentary Group on Scientific Research in Learning and Education: ‘Well-being in the classroom’, Portcullis House, London. http://www.futuremind.ox.ac.uk/downloads/transcript_well_being_08_v6.pdf.
Cleary, T.J. and Zimmerman, B.J. 2004. "Self-regulation empowerment 1 program: a school-based program to enhance self-regulated and serlf-motivated cycles of student learning." Psychology in the Schools, Vol. 41 (5).
Cole, M.W. and Reynolds, J.R. et al. 2013. "Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control." Nature Neuroscience. Vol. 16. Nº 9: 1348-1355.
Crone, E.A. and Dahl, R.E. 2012. "Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility." Nature review. Vol. 16: 636-650.
Danielson, N.B. and Guo, J.N., et al. 2011. "The default mode network and altered consciousness in epilepsy." Behav Neurol. 24 (1): 55-65.
Dekovic, M. Meeus, W. 1997. "Peer relations in adolescence: effects of parenting and adolescents’ self-concept." Journal of Adolescence 20: 163–176.
Demertzi, A. and Soddu, A. et al. 2013. "Consciousness supporting networks." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23: 239–244.
Dennis, E.L. and Thompson, P.M. 2013. "Mapping connectivity in the developing brain." Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 31 (7): 525-542.
Ducharme, S. and Albaugh, M.D. et al. 2013. "Anxious/Depressed Symptoms are Linked to Right Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortical Thickness Maturation in Healthy Children and Young Adults." Cereb. Cortex. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht151.
Duckworth, A.L. and Kimand, B. et al. 2013a. "Life stress impair self-control in early adolescence". Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 3. Art. 608.
Duckworth, A.L. and Quinn, P.D. et al. 2008. "What No Child Left Behind Leaves Behind: A Comparison of the Predictive Validity of Self-Control and IQ for Standardized Test Scores and Report Card Grades". J Educ Psychol. 104(2): 439–451.
Duckworth, A.L. and Seligman, M.E.P. 2005. "Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents". Psychology science. Vol. 16 nº 12:939-944.
Duckworth, A.L. and Tsukayama, E. et al. 2013b. "Is It Really Self-Control? Examining the Predictive Power of the Delay of Gratification Task". Pers Soc Psychol Bull 39: 843.
Duckworth, A.L. and Tsukayama, E. et al. 2010. "Self-controlled children stay leaner in the transition to adolescence." Appetite 54 (2): 304–308.
Duckworth, K. and Akerman, R. et al. 2009. "Self regulated learning: a literature review Centre for research on the wider benefits of learning. London". ISBN: 978-0-9559488-4-8.
Dunfield, K.A. and Kuhlmeier, V.A. 2010. "Intention-Mediated Selective Helping in Infancy." Psychological Science. Vol. 21, No. 4: 523-527.
Dweck, C. 2000. Selfh theories. "Their role in motivation, personality and development." Psychology Press. New York–London. ISBN: 978-1-84169-024-7.
Dweck, C. 2008. "The Secret to Raising Smart Kids". Scientific American Mind. Vol. 18 Issue 6: 36-43, 8p.
Egidio, D’A. and Casali, S. 2013. "Seeking a unified framework for cerebellar function and dysfunction: from circuit operations to cognition". Frontiers in neural circuits. Vol. 6, Art. 116, 1.
Encabo, R. 2011." Reseña. Informe Mckinsey." CEE Participación Educativa, 16: 89-92.
Erikson, E.H. 1997. "El ciclo vital completo." Paidos. Barcelona. 3 impresión 2011. Publicado en ingles en 1997 “the life clycle completed”. New York.
Ernst, M. and Romeo, R.D. et al. 2009. "Neurobiology of the development of motivated behaviors in adolescence: A window into a neural systems model." Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 93: 199–21
Erzurumlu, R.S and Gaspar, P. 2012. "Development and critical period plasticity of the barrel cortex." Eur J Neurosci. 35 (10): 1540-53.
Essen, D. C. 2012. "The future of the human connectome." Neuroimagen 62: 1299-1310.
Fransson, P. and Marrelec, G. 2008. "The "precuneus"/posterior cingulate cortex plays a pivotal role in the default mode network: Evidence from a partial correlation network analysis." NeuroImage 42: 1178–1184.
Gassin, E.A. and Lengel, G.J. 2014. "Let me hear of your mercy in the mourning: forgiveness, grief, and continuing bonds." Death Stud. 38 (7): 465-475.
Gazzaniga, M. S. and LeDoux, J. E. 1978. "The integrated mind." New York. Plenum Press. ISBN: 978-1-4899-2208-3.
Gibson, P. 2012. "Effects of Acute Stress on Risk Taking in Financial Decisions." A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Brain, Behavior & Cognitive Science from the University of Michigan.
Goldin, P.R. and McRae, K. et al. 2008. "The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion." Biol Psychiatriy 63: 577–586.
Gordon, R.G. and Tranel, D. et al. 2014. "The physiological basis of synchronizing conversational rhythms: The role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex." Neuropsychology. 28 (4): 624-630.
Gotts, S.J. and Simmons, W.K. et al. 2012. "Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism spectrum disorders." Brain. 135: 2711–2725.
Gozli, D.G. and Wilson, K.E. et al. 2014. “The spatially asymmetric cost of memory load on visual perception: transient stimulus-centered neglect.” J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 40 (2): 580-91.
Grant, F. and Hogg M.A. 2012. "Self-uncertainty, social identity prominence and group identification." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48: 538–542.
Hamann, K. and Warnerlen, F. et al. 2011. "Collaboration encourages equal sharing in children but not in chimpanzees". Nature 476, 328–331.
Hamlin, J.K. and Mahajan, N. et al. 2013. "Moral Judgment and Action in Preverbal Infants and Toddlers: Evidence for an Innate Moral Core Current Directions." Psychological Science. 22: 186-193.
Harmon-Jones, E. 2004. "Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity." Biological Psychology 67: 51–76.
Hays, C. and Carver, L. J. 2014. "Follow the liar: the effects of adult lies on children's honesty." Developmental Science.
Hayward, R.D. and Krause, N. 2013. "Trajectories of change in dimensions of forgiveness among older adults and their association with religious commitment." Ment Health Relig Cult. 16 (6).
Herbet, G. and Lafargue, G. et al. 2014. "Disrupting posterior cingulate connectivity disconnects consciousness from the external environment." Neuropsychologia 56: 239–244.
Hogg, M.A. and Sherman, D.K. et al. 2007. "Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43: 135-142.
Holland, A.C. and Kensinger, E.A. 2010. "Emotion and autobiographical memory.” Phys Life Rev. 7(1): 88-131.
Huppert, F. 2007. "The Science of Well-being: A life course perspective.” In Institute for the Future of the Mind, Transcript of the keynote seminar of the All-party Parliamentary Group on Scientific Research in Learning and Education: ‘Well-beingin the classroom’, Portcullis House, London.
Inuggi, A. and Sanz-Arigita, E. et al. 2014. "Brain functional connectivity changes in children that differ in impulsivity temperamental trait.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 6;8:156.
Isoda, M. and Noritake, A. 2013. What makes the dorsomedial frontal cortex active during reading the mental states of others? Frontiers in neuroscience. Decision neuroscience. Vol. 7. Art 232.
Izuma, K. and Matsumoto, M. et al. 2010. "Neural correlates of cognitive dissonance and choice-induced preference change.” PNAS. Vol. 107. No. 5: 122014–22019.
James, R. and Blair, R. 2013. "The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths.” Nature. Vol. 14: 786-799.
Jensen-Campbell, L.A. and Malcolm, K.T. 2007. "The Importance of Conscientiousness in Adolescent Interpersonal Relationships.” Pers Soc Psychol Bull 33: 368.
Jeurissen, D. and Sack, A.T. et al., “TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing.” Front. Neurosci. 13: 8–18.
Jones, R. 2014. "Switching on new neurons." Nature Reviews neuroscience. Vol. 14: 308-309.
Kanat, M. and Heinrichs, M. et al. 2013. "Oxytocin and the social brain: Neural mechanisms and perspectives in human research." Brain Raesearch. Vol. 1520: 160-171.
Kang, P. and Lee, J. et al. 2013. "Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity predicts the accuracy in estimating others' preferences." Front. Hum. Neurosci. 26: 7: 686.
Killingsworth, M.A. and Gilbert, D.T. 2010. "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind." Science. Vol. 330: 932.
Kirby, E.D. and Muroy, S.E. et al. 2013. "Acute stress enhances adult rat hippocampal neurogenesis and activation of newborn neurons via secreted astrocytic FGF2." eLife 2013;2:e00362.
Konrad, K. and Firk, Ch. et al. 2013. "Brain Development During Adolescence. Neuroscientific Insights Into This Developmental Period.” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 110 (25): 425−31.
Korgaonkar, M.S. and Fornito, A. et al. 2014. "Abnormal structural networks characterize major depressive disorder: a connectome analysis." Biol Psyachiatry (in press).
Koster-Hale, J. and Saxe, R. 2013. "Theory of mind: a neural prediction problem." Neuron. 79 (5): 836-848.
Kucyi, A. and Salomons, T.V. et al. 2013. "Mind wandering away from pain dynamically engages antinociceptive and default mode brain networks." PNAS Early Edition. Vol. 16, Nº46: 18692–18697.
LaBar, K.S. and Cabeza, R. 2006. "Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory.” Nature review. Neuroscience 7: 54-64.
Lee, S. and Ran, K. et al. 2014. "Resting state synchrony between anterior cingulate cortex and "precuneus" relates to body shape concern in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa." Pschiatry Research: Neuroimaging 221: 43-48.
Lee, T.Y. ande Cheung, Ch. K. et al. 2012. "Resilience as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review." The Scientific World Journal. Art. ID 390450: 9.
Liston, C. and Chen, A.C. et al. 2014. "Default mode netowork mechanisms of transcranial magentic stimulation in depression.” Biol Psychyatry (in press).
Liu, T. and Pelowski, M. 2014. "Clarifying the interaction types in two-person neuroscience research.” Front. Hum. Neurosci. Vol. 8. Art. 246.
Love, T.M. 2013. "Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine.” Pharmacol BiochemBehav. Vol. 119: 49-60.
Mantini, D. and Vanduffel, W. 2013. “Emerging roles of the brain's default network.” Neuroscientist. 19 (1): 76-87.
Margulies, D.S. and Vincent, J.L. et al. 2009. "‘precuneus’ shares intrinsic functional architecture in humans and monkeys.” PNAS 106 (47): 20069-20074.
Mason, M.F. and Norton, M.I. et al. 2007. "Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought.” Science. Vol. 315. no. 5810: 393-395.
May, R.W. and Sanchez-Gonzalez, M.A. et al. 2014. "Effect of anger and trait forgiveness on cardiovascular risk in young adult females.” Am J Cardiol. 114 (1): 47-52.
McAuliffe, K. and Blake, P.R. et al. 2013. "Social Influences on Inequity Aversion in Children.” PLoS ONE 8(12): e80966.
McGaffin, B.J. and Lyons, G.C. et al. 2013. "Self-forgiveness, shame, and guilt in recovery from drug and alcohol problems.” Subst Abus. 34 (4): 396-404.
Meeus, W. and Oosterwegel, A. et al. 2002. "Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence.” Journal of Adolescence. 25: 93–106.
Melloni, L. and Molina, C. et al. 2007. "Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception.” The Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (11): 2858–2865.
Meloni, M. 2014. "The social brain meets the reactive genome: neuroscience, epigenetics and the new social biology.” Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8: 309.
Menahem, S. and Love, M. 2013. "Forgiveness in psychotherapy: the key to healing.” J Clin Psychol. 69 (8): 829-35.
Menon, V. 2011." Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model.” Trends Cogn Sci. 15 (10): 483–506.
Michaelson, L. and Vega, A. et al. 2013. "Delaying gratification depends on social trust.” Frontiers in psychology. Vol. 4. Art. 355.
Minerbi, A. and Kahana, R. et al. 2009. "Long-term relationships between synaptic tenacity, synaptic remodelling and network activity.” Plos Biol . 7 (6): e1000136.
Mora, F. 2013. "Nueroeducación. solo se puede aprender aquello que se ama.” Barcelona. Alianza editorial. ISBN 9788420675336
Moya-Albiol, L. and Herrero, N. et al. 2010. "Bases neuronales de la empatía.” Rev Neurol 50 (2): 89-100
Muñoz, D.G. 2010. "Base anatómica e histológica de la autorrepresentación y sus alteraciones patológicas.” Rev Neurol 50: 387-9.
Narvaez, D. 2007. "Triune ethics: The neurobiological roots of our multiple moralities.” New Ideas in Psychology (in press).
Nohlen, H.U. and van Harreveld, F. et al. 2014. "Evaluating ambivalence: social-cognitive and affective brain regions associated with ambivalent decision-making.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9 (7): 924-931.
Nsamenang, S.A. and Webb, J.R. et al. 2013. "Depressive symptoms and interpersonal needs as mediators of forgiveness and suicidal behavior among rural primary care patients.” J Affect Disord. 149 (1-3): 282-90.
Ofen, N. and Shing, Y.L. 2013. "From perception to memory: changes in memory systems across the lifespan.” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37: 2258–2267.
Oosterwijka, S. and Lindquistc, K.A. et al. 2012. "States of mind: Emotions, body feelings, and thoughts share distributed neural networks.” Neuroimage. 62 (3): 2110–2128.
Orón, J.V. 2014. "Toward a new conception of habit and self-control in adolescent maturation.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. Vol. 8. Art. 525.
Orr, J.M. and Banich, M.T. 2014. "The neural mechanisms underlying internally and externally guided task selection.” NeuroImage 84: 191–205.
Ovejero, A. 1993. "Leo Festinger y la psicología social experimental: la teoría de la disonancia cognoscitiva 35 años después.” Psicothema Vol. 5. Nº1:185-199.
Ovejero, A. 1993. "La teoría de la disonancia cognitiva.” Psicothema. Vol. 5. Nº1: 201-206.
Pabst, S. and Brand, M. et al. 2013. "Stress and decision making: A few minutes make all the difference.” Behavioural Brain Research. Vol. 250: 39-45.
Palomo, A.M. 1989. "Kohlberg: Teoría y práctica del desarrollo moral en la escuela.” Rev. Interuniv. Form Prof., 4. 79-90.
Parvizi, J. 2009. "Corticocentric myopia: old bias in new cognitive sciences.” Trend in cognitive sciences. Vol. 13. Nº8.
Parvizi, J. and Damasio, A. 2001. "Consciousness and brainstem.” Cognitation 79: 135-159.
Peets, K. and Hodges, E.V. et al. 2013. "Forgiveness and its determinants depending on the interpersonal context of hurt.” J Exp Child Psychol.114 (1): 131-45.
Perlovsky, L. 2013. "A challenge to human evolution—cognitive dissonance.” Frontiers in Psychology.Vol. 4. Art. 179.
Pessoa, L. 2008. "On the relationship between emotion and cognition.” Nature. 9: 148-158.
Pessoa, L. 2013. "The Cognitive-Emotional Brain. From Interactions to Integration.” MIT press. Massachusetts. ISBN: 9780262019569.
Pfeifer, J.H. and Blakemore, S.J. 2012. “Adolescent social cognitive and affective neuroscience: past, present, and future.” SCAN 7: 1-10.
Pitskel, N. B. and Zolling, D.Z. et al. 2011. “How grossed out are you? The neural bases of emotion regulation from childhood to adolescence.” Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 1 (3): 324-37.
Polo, L. 2007. “Quien es el hombre. Un espíritu en el tiempo.” RIALP. 6ª edición. Madrid. ISBN 978-84-321-2773-1.
Powell, K. 2006. “How does the teenage brain work?” Nature. 442: 865-867.
Qin, P. and Northoff, G. 2011. “How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network?” Neuroimage. 57 (3): 1221-1233.
Qin, S. and Young, C.B. et al. 2014. “Amygdala Subregional Structure and Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Predicts Individual Differences in Anxiety During Early Childhood.” Biological Psychiatry, 75 (11): 892.
Raichle, M.E. and Snyder, A.Z. 2007. “A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea.” Neuroimage. 37(4):1083-90; discussion 1097-9.
Rajala, A. Z. and Reininger, K.R. et al. 2010. “Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: implications for the evolution of self-recognition.” PLoS One. 5 (9). pii:e12865.
Ricciardi, E. and Rota, G. et al. 2013. “How the brain heals emotional wounds: the functional neuroanatomy of forgiveness.” Front Hum Neurosci. 7: 839.
Rochat, P. 1998. “Self-perception and action in infancy.” Exp Brain Res. 123 (1-2): 102-9.
Romens, S.E. and McDonald, J. et al. 2014. “Associations Between Early Life Stress and Gene Methylation in Children.” Child Development.
Rutten, B.P.F. and Hammels, C. et al. 2013. “Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives.” Acta Psychiatr Scand. 128: 3–20.
Satici, S.A. and Uysal, R. et al. 2014. "Forgiveness and vengeance: the mediating role of gratitude.” Psychol Rep. 114(1): 157-68.
Schooler, J.W. and Smallwood, J. et al. 2011. “Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Vol. 15. No. 7.
Sebastian, C. and Burnett, S. et al. 2008. “Development of the self-concept during adolescence.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Vol. 12. No.11: 441-446.
Seeley, W.W. and Crawford, R.K. et al. 2009. “Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks.” Neuron. 62(1):42–52.
Segall, J. and Allen, E. et al. 2012. "Correspondance between structure and function in the human brain at rest.” Frontiers in neuroinformatics. Vol. 6. Art. 10.
Sepulcre, J. and Sabuncu, M.R. et al. 2012. “Network Assemblies in the Functional Brain.” Curr Opin Neurol. 25 (4): 384–391.
Sharot, T. and De Martino, B. et al. 2009. "How choice reveals and shapes expected hedonic outcome.” J. Neurosci. 29: 3760–3765.
Shim, S.S. and Wang, C. et al. 2013. “Emotional well-being: The role of social achievement goals and self-esteem.” Personality and Individual Differences 55: 840–845.
Sloane, S. and Baillargeon, R. et al. 2013. “Do Infants Have a Sense of Fairness?” Current Directions in Psychological Science. 22: 186-193.
Smallwood, J. and Brown, K. et al. 2012. “Cooperation between the default mode network and the frontal–parietal network in the production of an internal train of thought.” Brain research. Nº 1428: 60–70.
Somerville, L.H. and Casey, B.J. 2010. “Developmental neurobiology of cognitive control and motivational systems.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 20: 236–241.
Sporns, O. 2011. “The human connectome: a complex network.” Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci 1224: 109-125
Steinbeis, N. and Bernhardt, B.C. et al. 2014. Age-related Differences in Function and Structure of rSMG and Reduced Functional Connectivity with DLPFC Explains Heightened Emotional Egocentricity Bias in Childhood, Social Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, (in press).
Steinberg, L.A. 2008. “Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking.” Dev Rev. 28(1): 78–106.
Takeuchi, H. and Taki, Y. et al. 2014. “Regional gray matter density is associated with achievement motivation: evidence from voxel-based morphometry.” Brain Struct Funct 219: 71–83.
Telzer, E.H. and Qu, Y. et al. 2014. “Adolescents’ emotional competence is associated with parents’ neural sensitivity to emotions.” Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8: 558.
Tirapu, J. and Muñoz, J.M. et al. 2003. "Hacia uma taxonomia de La conciencia.” Rev Neurolog 36 (11): 1083-1093.
Tsang, J.A. and Carpenter, T.P. et al. 2014. “Why are materialists less happy? The role of gratitude and need satisfaction in the relationship between materialism and life satisfaction.” Personality and Individual Differences. Vol. 64: 62–66.
Uddin, L.Q. and Kelly, A.M. et al. 2009. "Functional connectivity of default mode network components: correlation, anticorrelation, and causality.” Hum Brain Mapp. 30 (2): 625-637.
Ungerleider, L.G. and Haxby, J.V. 1994. “'What' and 'where' in the human brain.” Curr Opin Neurobiol. 4 (2): 157-65.
Vallis, J. 2013. “A wandering brain reduces pain?” Nature reviews. Neuroscience. Vol. 14. 819.
van den Heuvel, M.P. and Sporns, O. 2011. "Rich-club ortanization of the human connectome.” The journal of neuroscience. 31 (44); 15775-15786.
van den Heuvel, M.P. and Sporns, O. 2013. “Network hubs in the human brain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 12.
van Someren, E.J.W. and Van Der Werf, Y.D. et al. 2011. "Slow brain oscillations of sleep, resting state, and vigilance.” E. J. W. Van Someren et al. (Eds.). Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 193.
van Veen, V. and Krug, M.K. et al. 2009. "Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance.” Nature Neuroscience 12: 1469-1474.
Vann, S.D. and Aggleton, J.P. et al. 2009. “What does the retrosplenial cortex do?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10: 792-802.
Vetter, N. C. and Weigelt, S. et al. 2014. “Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 9 (7): 1022-1029.
Wade, N.G. and Hoyt, W.T. et al. 2014. “Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis.” J Consult Clin Psychol. 82 (1): 154-70.
Wang, J. and Zuo, X. et al. 2013. "Disrupted functional brain connectome in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease.” Biol Psychiatry. 73 (5): 472-481.
Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M. 2013. "Parental Presence and Encouragement Do Not Influence Helping in Young Children.” Infancy. Vol. 18, Issue 3: 345–368.
Wenzel, M. and Okimoto, T.G. 2013. “On the relationship between justice and forgiveness: Are all forms of justice made equal?” Br J Soc Psychol.
Werff, S.J.A. and Berg, S.M. et al. 2013. “Neuroimaging resilience to stress: a review.” Frontier on behavioural neuroscience. Vol. 7. Art. 39.
West, S. and Jett, S.E. et al. 2010. “The phylogenetic roots of cognitive dissonance.” J Comp Psychol. 124 (4): 425-32.
Wood, K. and Bobbitt, K.N. et al. 2014. “Slow and Fast Gamma Rhythms Coordinate Different Spatial Coding Modes in Hippocampal Place Cells.” Neuron. 82 (3): 670–681.
Wu, G. and Feder A. et al. 2013. “Understanding resilience.” Frontiers in behavioural neuroscience. Vol. 7. Art. 10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010.
Ybrandt, H. 2008. “The relation between self-concept and social functioning in adolescence.” Journal of Adolescence 31: 1–16.
Yousaf, O. and Gobet, F. 2013. “The emotional and attitudinal consequences of religious hypocrisy: experimental evidence using a cognitive dissonance paradigm.” J Soc Psychol. 153 (6): 667-86.
Zhang, S. and Chiang-shan, R.Li. 2012. “Functional connectivity mapping of the human "precuneus" by resting state fMRI.” Neuroimage 59 (4): 3548-3562.
Downloads
Pubblicato
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2014 Scientia et Fides
Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale.
CC BY ND 4.0. The Creator/Contributor is the Licensor, who grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work on the fields indicated in the License Agreement.
- The Licensor grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work/related rights item specified in § 1 within the following fields: a) recording of Work/related rights item; b) reproduction (multiplication) of Work/related rights item in print and digital technology (e-book, audiobook); c) placing the copies of the multiplied Work/related rights item on the market; d) entering the Work/related rights item to computer memory; e) distribution of the work in electronic version in the open access form on the basis of Creative Commons license (CC BY-ND 3.0) via the digital platform of the Nicolaus Copernicus University Press and file repository of the Nicolaus Copernicus University.
- Usage of the recorded Work by the Licensee within the above fields is not restricted by time, numbers or territory.
- The Licensor grants the license for the Work/related rights item to the Licensee free of charge and for an unspecified period of time.
FULL TEXT License Agreement
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 797
Number of citations: 2
