Salta al contenuto principale Salta al menu principale di navigazione Salta al piè di pagina del sito
  • Registrazione
  • Login
  • Language
    • Deutsch
    • English
    • Español (España)
    • Français (France)
    • Italiano
    • Język Polski
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Ultimo fascicolo
  • Archivi
  • Avvisi
  • Info
    • Sulla rivista
    • Proposte
    • Zespół Redakcyjny
    • Scientific Council
    • Reviewers
    • Review process
    • Open Access Policy
    • Ethical Standards
    • Article Processing Charges and Submission Charges
    • Dichiarazione sulla privacy
    • Archiving policy
    • Contatti
  • Registrazione
  • Login
  • Language:
  • Deutsch
  • English
  • Español (España)
  • Français (France)
  • Italiano
  • Język Polski

Scientia et Fides

A Scientist’s Perspective on the Intertwining of Science, Faith, Free Will, and the Message of the Shroud of Turin
  • Home
  • /
  • A Scientist’s Perspective on the Intertwining of Science, Faith, Free Will, and the Message of the Shroud of Turin
  1. Home /
  2. Archivi /
  3. V. 14 N. 1 (2026) /
  4. Articles

A Scientist’s Perspective on the Intertwining of Science, Faith, Free Will, and the Message of the Shroud of Turin

Autori

  • Paolo Di Lazzaro CISS, The International Centre for the Study of the Shroud, Turin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-1133
  • Daniele Murra ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0536-8579

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2026.007

Parole chiave

Shroud of Turin, scientific method, image analysis, photochemistry, radiocarbon dating, science and religion

Abstract

The 5-square-meter flax fabric known as the Shroud of Turin is one of the most sacred religious icons on Earth, and one of the most debated subjects in science. Here we summarize and translate into simple terms the state of the art of scientific studies on the Shroud of Turin with regard to the body imprint and the age of the Shroud fabric. Based on the available results, we discuss whether science can determine if the imprint on the Shroud was left by the historical Jesus. Then, we argue the intriguing possibility that the Shroud is a peculiar example of how the rules and constraints of the scientific method can corroborate the concept of faith and free will, and discuss the reasons why the Shroud's message cannot be limited to the issue of authenticity.

Riferimenti bibliografici

Ball, Philip. 2008 “Shrouded in mystery.” Nature Mater 7: 349. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2170.

Botti, Sabina, Paolo Di Lazzaro, Francesco Flora, Luca Mezi and Daniele Murra. 2024 “Raman spectral mapping reveal molecular changes in cellulose aging induced by UV and EUV radiation.” Cellulose 31: 749–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05681-z.

Casabianca, Tristan, Emanuela Marinelli, Giuseppe Pernagallo, and Benedetto Torrisi. 2019 “Radiocarbon Dating of the Turin Shroud: New evidence from raw data.” Archeom. 61: 1223–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12467.

Casabianca, Tristan. 2025. “Systematic evaluation of recent research on the Shroud of Turin.” Theol. Sci. 23: 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2024.2436781.

Damon, Paul E. [and twenty others]. 1989. “Radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin.” Nature 337: 611–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/337611a0.

Delage, Yves 1902. “Le Linceul de Turin: lettre à M. Charles Richet.” Rev. Scient. 4 série, XVII/1: 683–687.

Di Lazzaro, Paolo, Daniele Murra, Enrico Nichelatti, Antonino Santoni and Giuseppe Baldacchini. 2012. “Superficial and Shroud-like coloration of linen by short laser pulses in the vacuum ultraviolet.” Appl. Opt. 51: 8567–78. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.008567.

Di Lazzaro, Paolo, Daniele Murra and Barrie Schwortz. 2013. “Pattern recognition after image processing of low-contrast images, the case of the Shroud of Turin.” Pattern Recognition 46: 1964–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2012.12.010.

Di Lazzaro, Paolo, Daniele Murra. 2015a. “A ray of light on the Shroud of Turin.” Proc. Int. Conf. Fiat Lux, let there be light. Roma: Un. Regina Apostolorum. https://www.academia.edu/17639320.

Di Lazzaro, Paolo and Daniele Murra. 2015b. “Shroud-like coloration of linen, conservation measures and perception of patterns onto the Shroud of Turin.” SHS web of conf. 15: 00005. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20151500005.

Di Lazzaro, Paolo, and Anthony C. Atkinson, Paola Iacomussi, Marco Riani, Marco Ricci, and Peter Wadams. 2020. “Statistical and proactive analysis of an inter-laboratory comparison: the radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin.” Entropy 22: 926. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22090926.

Dukas, Helen, and Banesh Hoffmann. 2013. Albert Einstein, The human side. New glimpses from his archives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Fanti, Giulio, Fabio Crosilla, Marco Riani, and Anthony C. Atkinson. 2010. “A robust statistical analysis of the 1988 Turin Shroud radiocarbon dating results.” In Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Scientific approach to the Acheiropoietos Images, ENEA Frascati, Italy, 4–6 May 2010, 249–54. Rome.

Fanti, Giulio, and Thibault Heimburger. 2011. “Comments on Life-size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin and its image by L. Garlaschelli.” J. Imaging Science Technology 55: 20102, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2011.55.2.020102.

Fernández-Sánchez, José L. 2024. “Why the Shroud of Turin is not a medieval work? An argument map.” Scientia et Fides 12 (2): 123–50. https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2024.019.

Freer-Waters, A. Rachel, and Timothy Jull. 2010. “Investigating a dated piece of the Shroud of Turin.” Radiocarbon 52: 1521–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200056277.

Garlaschelli, Luigi. 2010. “Life-size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin and its image.” J. Im. Sci. Techn. 54: 040301-040301 (14). https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2010.54.4.040301.

Ghiberti, Giuseppe. 2004. Dalle cose che patì (Eb 5,8). Evangelizzare con la Sindone. p. 93. Cantalupa: Effatà Editrice.

Heller, John H., and Alan D. Adler. 1981. “A chemical investigation of the Shroud of Turin.” Can. Soc. For. Sci. J. 14: 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.1981.10756882.

Jackson, John P., Eric J. Jumper, and William R. Ercoline. 1984. “Correlation of image intensity on the Turin Shroud with the 3-D structure of a human body shape.” Appl. Opt. 23: 2244–70. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.23.002244.

John Paul II 1998. Address during the visit to Turin. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1998/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_24051998_sindone.html.

Jumper, Eric J., Alan D. Adler, John P. Jackson, Samuel Pellicori, John H. Heller, and James R. Druzik. 1984. “A comprehensive examination of the various stains and images on the Shroud of Turin.” ACS Adv. Chem. 205: 447–76. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ba-1984-0205.ch022.

Karapanagiotis, Ioannis 2025. “The Shroud of Turin: An Overview of the Archaeological Scientific Studies.” Textiles 5: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles5010008.

Nicolotti, Andrea 2020. The Shroud of Turin: the history and legends of the world’s most famous relic. Waco: Baylor University Press.

Parisi, Giorgio. 2011. Arel la rivista. https://www.arel.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Le-verita-della-scienza-sono-provvisorie-ma-non-relative.pdf.

Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective knowledge: an evolutionary approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Riani, Marco, Anthony C. Atkinson, Giulio Fanti, and Fabio Crosilla. 2013. “Regression analysis with partially labeled regressors: carbon dating of the Shroud of Turin.” Stat. Comp. 23: 551–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-012-9329-5.

Rogers, Raymond N. 2005. “Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin.” Thermochim. Acta 425: 189–94.

Schwalbe, Larry, and Raymond N. Rogers. 1982. “Physics and chemistry of the Shroud of Turin, a summary of the 1978 investigation.” An. Chim. Acta 135: 3–49. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20210901.12.

Schwalbe, Larry, and Bryan Walsh. 2021. “On cleaning methods and the raw radiocarbon data from the Shroud of Turin.” Int. J. Arch. 9: 10–16.

Schwortz, Barrie, 2013. “Science still can’t explain Shroud of Turin, researcher says.” Nat. Cath. Rep. https://www.ncronline.org/news/parish/sciencestill-cant-explain-ST-turin-researcher-says.

Walsh, Bryan, and Larry Schwalbe. 2020. “An instructive inter-laboratory comparison: The 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin.” J. Arch. Sci. Rep. 29: 102015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102015.

Scientia et Fides

Downloads

  • PDF (English)

Pubblicato

2026-04-16

Come citare

1.
DI LAZZARO, Paolo e MURRA, Daniele. A Scientist’s Perspective on the Intertwining of Science, Faith, Free Will, and the Message of the Shroud of Turin. Scientia et Fides. Online. 16 aprile 2026. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 171-188. [Accessed 19 aprile 2026]. DOI 10.12775/SetF.2026.007.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Scarica citazione
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Fascicolo

V. 14 N. 1 (2026)

Sezione

Articles

Licenza

Copyright (c) 2026 Paolo Di Lazzaro, Daniele Murra

Creative Commons License

Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale.

CC BY ND 4.0. The Creator/Contributor is the Licensor, who grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work on the fields indicated in the License Agreement.

  • The Licensor grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work/related rights item specified in § 1 within the following fields: a) recording of Work/related rights item; b) reproduction (multiplication) of Work/related rights item in print and digital technology (e-book, audiobook); c) placing the copies of the multiplied Work/related rights item on the market; d) entering the Work/related rights item to computer memory; e) distribution of the work in electronic version in the open access form on the basis of Creative Commons license (CC BY-ND 3.0) via the digital platform of the Nicolaus Copernicus University Press and file repository of the Nicolaus Copernicus University.
  • Usage of the recorded Work by the Licensee within the above fields is not restricted by time, numbers or territory.
  • The Licensor grants the license for the Work/related rights item to the Licensee free of charge and for an unspecified period of time.

FULL TEXT License Agreement

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 125
Number of citations: 0

ISSN/eISSN

ISSN: 2300-7648

eISSN: 2353-5636

Search

Search

Browse

  • Scorri l'indice per Autori
  • Issue archive

User

User

Ultimo numero

  • Lodo Atom
  • Logo RSS2
  • Logo RSS1

Informazioni

  • per i lettori
  • Per gli autori
  • Per i bibliotecari

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Lingua

  • Deutsch
  • English
  • Español (España)
  • Français (France)
  • Italiano
  • Język Polski

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

Shroud of Turin, scientific method, image analysis, photochemistry, radiocarbon dating, science and religion
Su

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop