Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Language
    • Deutsch
    • English
    • Español (España)
    • Français (France)
    • Italiano
    • Język Polski
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Zespół Redakcyjny
    • Scientific Council
    • Reviewers
    • Review process
    • Open Access Policy
    • Ethical Standards
    • Article Processing Charges and Submission Charges
    • Privacy Statement
    • Archiving policy
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login
  • Language:
  • Deutsch
  • English
  • Español (España)
  • Français (France)
  • Italiano
  • Język Polski

Scientia et Fides

Mystical Literature Under the Scrutiny of Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Maria Valtorta
  • Home
  • /
  • Mystical Literature Under the Scrutiny of Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Maria Valtorta
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026): Botology: AI from the Philosophical and Theological Perspectives /
  4. Articles

Mystical Literature Under the Scrutiny of Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Maria Valtorta

Authors

  • Rizziero Carofano Marelli Suspension Systems, Torino https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5386-6216
  • Liberato De Caro Institute of Crystallography - National Council of Research https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7927-6178

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2026.015

Keywords

Machine Learning, Authorship Identification, Text Attribution, Artificial Intelligence, Maria Valtorta, Mystical visions

Abstract

Maria Valtorta, a mystic lived in Italy in the XX century, claimed to have received mystical visions about the life of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and some saints. She reported in her writings texts and dictations attributed to Jesus, her guardian angel, Azaria, and the Paraclete. Additionally, she wrote an autobiography. These texts underwent binary and multiclass supervised classification using Machine Learning algorithms. Classification metrics and confusion matrices have shown that the four classes of texts (Maria Valtorta, Jesus, Azaria, Paraclete) are so well separated in the deep structure of the language as if the texts were attributable to four different authors. Possible causes of this unexpected result are discussed.

References

Abbasi, Ahmed, and Hsinchun Chen. 2005. “Applying authorship analysis to extremist-group Web forum messages.” IEEE Intelligent Systems 20: 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2005.81.

Anwar, Waheed, Imran Sarwar Bajwa, and Shabana Ramzan. 2019. “Design and Implementation of a Machine Learning-Based Authorship Identification Model.” Scientific Programming, vol. 2019, Article ID 9431073. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9431073.

Argamon, Shlomo, Moshe Koppel, James W. Pennebaker, and Jonathan Schler.2009. “Automatically profiling the author of an anonymous text.” Communications of the ACM 52: 119–katasubramanian Suresh, M. Narasimha Murty, and C. E. Veni Madhavan.2009. “Stopwords and stylometry: a latent Dirichlet allocation approach.” NIPS Work, 1–4. https://users.umiacs.umd. edu/~ying/nips_tm_workshop/12.pdf.

Battisti, Gianfranco. 2020. “Geografie del sacro: la letteratura mistica come fonte di conoscenza.” Documenti Geografici, 2: 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19246/DOCUGEO2281-7549/201902_01.

Blei, David M., Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. 2003. “Latent dirichlet allocation.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 3: 993–1022.

Breiman, Leo. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45: 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324.

Brennan, Michael R., and Rachel Greenstadt. 2009. “Practical Attacks Against Authorship Recognition Techniques.” In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2, 60–65.

Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.Burrows, John F. 1987. “Word-patterns and story-shapes: the statistical analysis of narrative style.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 2, 61–70.

Can, Fazli, and James M. Patton. 2004. “Change of writing style with time.” Computers and the Humanities, 38: 61–82.

Chaski, Carole E. 1997. “Who wrote it? steps toward a science of authorship identification.” National Institute of Justice Journal, 233: 15–22.

Chaski, Carole E. 2001. “Empirical evaluations of language-based author identification techniques.” Forensic Linguistics, 8: 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1558/sll.2001.8.1.1.

Chaski, Carole E. 2005. “Who’ s at the keyboard? Authorship attribution in digital evidence investigations.” International Journal of Digital Evidence, 4: 1–13.

Clement, Ross, and David Sharp. 2003. “Ngram and bayesian classification of documents for topic and authorship.” Literary and linguistic computing, 18: 423–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/18.4.423.

Cortes, Corinna, and Vladimir Vapnik. 1995. “Support-vector networks.” Machine Learning, 20: 273–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018.

Crossley, Scott A. 2020. “Linguistic features in writing quality and development: An overview.” Journal of Writing Research, 11: 415–43.

De Caro, Liberato, Fernando La Greca, and Emilio Matricciani. 2020. “Saint Peter’s First Burial Site According to Maria Valtorta’s Mystical Writings, Checked Against the Archeology of Rome in the I Century.” J, 3: 366–400. https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8800/3/4/29.

De Caro, Liberato, Fernando La Greca, and Emilio Matricciani. 2021. “The Beginning of the Christian Era Revisited: New Findings.” Histories, 1: 145–68. https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9252/1/3/16

Du, Xiaowei, and Yunmei Sun. 2022. “Linguistic features and psychological states: A machine-learning based approach.” Frontiers in Psychology, 13: 823313.

Faro, Giorgio. 2022. “L’ultima cena di Gesù era pasquale? Un’ipotesi da riconsiderare.” Annales Theologici, 36: 47–79. https://www.annalestheologici.it/article/view/3531.

Grieve, Jack. 2007. “Quantitative authorship attribution: an evaluation of techniques.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 22: 251–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqm020.

Hirst, Graeme, and Ol’ga Feiguina. 2007. “Bigrams of syntactic labels for authorship discrimination of short texts.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 22: 405–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqm023.

Hirst, Graeme, and Vanessa Wei Feng. 2012. “Changes in style in authors with Alzheimer’s disease.” English Studies, 93: 357–70.

Holmes, David I. 1992. “A stylometric analysis of mormon scripture and related texts.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), 155: 91–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/2982671.

Holmes, David I. 1994. “Authorship attribution.” Computers and the Humanities, 28: 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830689.

Holmes, David I. 1998. “The evolution of stylometry in humanities scholarship.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 13: 111–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/13.3.111.

Hosmer, David W. Jr., Stanley Lemeshow, and Rodney X. Sturdivant. 2013. Applied Logistic Regression. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.

Jamak, Amra, Aleksandar Savatić, and Fazli Can. 2012. “Principal component analysis for authorship attribution.” Business Systems Research, 3: 49–56. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10305-012-0012-2.

Juola, Patrick. 2006. “Authorship attribution.” Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 1: 233–334. https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000005.

Kešelj, Vlado, Fuchun Peng, Nick Cercone, and Calvin Thomas. 2003. “N-Grambased Author profiles for authorship attribution.” In Proceedings of the conference Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, 255–64. Halifax, NS, Canada.

Kohavi, Ron. 1995. “A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection.” In IJCAI’95: Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence, 2, 1137–43.

Koppel, Moshe, Shlomo Argamon, and Anat Rachel Shimoni. 2002. “Automatically categorizing written texts by author gender.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 17: 401–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/17.4.401.

Koppel, Moshe, Jonathan Schler, and Shlomo Argamon. 2009. “Computational methods in authorship attribution.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60: 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20961.

La Greca, Fernando, and Liberato De Caro. L. 2017. “Nuovi studi sulla datazione della crocifissione nell’anno 34 e della nascita di Gesù il 25 dicembre dell’1 a.C.”, Annales Theologici, 31, pp. 11–52. https://www.annalestheologici.it/article/view/3416.

La Greca, Fernando, and Liberato De Caro. 2019. “La datazione della morte di Erode e l’inizio dell’era Cristiana.” Annales Theologici, 33: 11–54. https://www.annalestheologici.it/article/view/3457.

La Greca, Fernando, and Liberato De Caro. 2020. “Approfondimenti sulla nascita di Gesù nell’1 a.C. e sulla datazione della crocifissione nel 34.” Annales Theologici, 34: 13–58. https://www.annalestheologici.it/article/view/3480.

La Greca, Fernando, Liberato De Caro, and Emilio Matricciani. 2024. “The “Galenic Question”: A Solution Based on Historical Sources and a Mathematical Analysis of Texts.” Histories, 14: 308–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/histories4030015.

Landauer, Thomas K., Peter W. Foltz, and Danielle Laham. 1998. “An introduction to latent semantic analysis.” Discourse Processes, 25: 259–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539809545028.

Le, Xuan, Ian Lancashire, Graeme Hirst, and Rina Jokel. 2011. “Longitudinal detection of dementia through lexical and syntactic changes in writing: A case study of three British novelists.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 26: 435–61.

Le, Quoc V., and Tomas Mikolov. 2014. “Distributed representations of sentences and documents.” In Proceedings of International Conference on Machine Learning, 1188–96. Beijing, China.

Matricciani, Emilio, and Liberato De Caro. 2017a. “Finzione letteraria o antiche osservazioni astronomiche e meteorologiche nell’opera di Maria Valtorta?” Scienza e Ricerche, 44: 5–20. https://www.calameo.com/books/003924817509d75f94026.

Matricciani, Emilio, and Liberato De Caro. 2017b. “Literary Fiction or Ancient Astronomical and Meteorological Observations in the Work of Maria Valtorta?” Religions, 8: 1–23. https://www.mdpi.com/2077–1444/8/6/110.

Matricciani, Emilio, and Liberato De Caro. 2018. “A Mathematical Analysis of Maria Valtorta’s Mystical Writings.” Religions, 9: 1–23. https://www.mdpi.com/2077–1444/9/11/373.

Matricciani, Emilio, and Liberato De Caro. 2020. “Jesus Christ’s Speeches in Maria Valtorta’s Mystical Writings: Setting, Topics, Duration and Deep‒Language Mathematical Analysis.” J 3 (1): 100–23. https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8800/3/1/10.

Matricciani, Emilio. 2022. “The Temporal Making of a Great Literary Corpus by a XX-Century Mystic: Statistics of Daily Words and Writing Time.” Open J. Statistics, 12: 155–67.

Pedregosa, Fabian, Gaël Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort, Vincent Michel, Bertrand Thirion, Olivier Grisel, Mathieu Blondel, Peter Prettenhofer, Ron Weiss, Vincent Dubourg, Jake Vanderplas, Alexandre Passos, David Cournapeau, Matthieu Brucher, Matthieu Perrot, and Édouard Duchesnay. 2011. “Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python.” Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12: 2825–30.

Pfenninger, Simone E., and Stefanie Polz. 2018. “Foreign language learning in the third age: A pilot feasibility study on cognitive, socio-affective and linguistic drivers and benefits in relation to previous bilingualism of the learner.” Journal of the European Second Language Association, 2: 1–13.

Powers, David M. W. 2011. “Evaluation: From Precision, Recall and F-Measure to ROC, Informedness, Markedness & Correlation.” Journal of Machine Learning Technologies, 2: 37–63. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2010.16061.

Ramnial, Hoshiladevi, Shireen Panchoo, and Sameerchand Pudaruth. 2016. “Authorship attribution using stylometry and machine learning techniques.” In Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, edited by S. Berretti et al., Springer (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 384: 113–25). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23036-8_10.

Raza, Agha Ali, Awais Athar, and Sajid Nadeem. 2009. “N-Gram Based Authorship Attribution in Urdu Poetry.” In Proceedings of the Conference on Language & Technology 2009 (CLT09), Lahore, Pakistan, January 22–24, 2009, 88–93.

Rosen-Zvi, Michal, Thomas L. Griffiths, Mark Steyvers, and Padhraic Smyth. 2004. “The author-topic model for authors and documents.” In Proceedings of 20th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 487–94. Banff, Canada: AUAI Press.

Salton, Gerard, and Christopher Buckley. 1988. “Term-Weighting Approaches in Automatic Text Retrieval.” Information Processing & Management 24: 513–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(88)90021-0

Savoy, Jacques. 2013. “Authorship attribution based on a probabilistic topic model.” Information Processing & Management, 49: 341–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2012.06.003.

Sebastiani, Fabrizio. 2002. “Machine learning in automated text categorization.” ACM Computing Surveys, 34: 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1145/505282.505283.

Seroussi, Yanir, Ingrid Zukerman, and Fabian Bohnert.2011. “Authorship attribution with latent dirichlet allocation.” In Proceedings of Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning edited by Sharon Goldwater and Christopher Manning, 181–89. Portland, OR, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.

Stamatatos, Efstathios. 2000. “A survey of modern authorship attribution methods.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60: 538–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21001.

Stamatatos, Efstathios, Nikos Fakotakis, and George Kokkinakis. 2000. “Text genre detection using common word frequencies.” In COLING 2000 Volume 2: The 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 808–814. Saarbrücken, Germany. https://aclanthology.org/C00-2117.

Stamatatos, Efstathios. E. 2008. “Author identification: using text sampling to handle the class imbalance problem.” Information Processing & Management 44: 790–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2007.05.012.

Tweedie, Fiona J., Sukhjit Singh, and David I. Holmes. 1996. “Neural network applications in stylometry: the Federalist Papers.” Computers and the Humanities 30: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054024.

Valtorta, Maria. 2006a. I Quaderni del 1943. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta, Maria. 2006b. I Quaderni del 1944. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta, Maria. 2006c. I Quaderni del 1944–1950. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta, Maria. 2006d. I Quadernetti. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta Maria. 2007. Il libro di Azaria. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta Maria. 2008. Lezioni sull’Epistola di Paolo ai Romani. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta, Maria. 2009. Autobiografia. Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Valtorta Maria. 2015. L’Evangelo come mi è stato rivelato, Isola del Liri (Fr), Italy: Centro Editoriale Valtortiano.

Zheng, Rong, Jiexun Li, Hsinchun Chen, and Zan Huang. 2006. “A framework for authorship identification of online messages: writing-style features and classification techniques.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57: 378–93.

Scientia et Fides

Downloads

  • PDF

Published

2026-08-24

How to Cite

1.
CAROFANO, Rizziero and DE CARO, Liberato. Mystical Literature Under the Scrutiny of Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Maria Valtorta. Scientia et Fides. Online. 24 August 2026. Vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 19-54. [Accessed 17 September 2026]. DOI 10.12775/SetF.2026.015.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026): Botology: AI from the Philosophical and Theological Perspectives

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 LIBERATO DE CARO, Rizziero Carofano

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

CC BY ND 4.0. The Creator/Contributor is the Licensor, who grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work on the fields indicated in the License Agreement.

  • The Licensor grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work/related rights item specified in § 1 within the following fields: a) recording of Work/related rights item; b) reproduction (multiplication) of Work/related rights item in print and digital technology (e-book, audiobook); c) placing the copies of the multiplied Work/related rights item on the market; d) entering the Work/related rights item to computer memory; e) distribution of the work in electronic version in the open access form on the basis of Creative Commons license (CC BY-ND 3.0) via the digital platform of the Nicolaus Copernicus University Press and file repository of the Nicolaus Copernicus University.
  • Usage of the recorded Work by the Licensee within the above fields is not restricted by time, numbers or territory.
  • The Licensor grants the license for the Work/related rights item to the Licensee free of charge and for an unspecified period of time.

FULL TEXT License Agreement

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 156
Number of citations: 0

ISSN/eISSN

ISSN: 2300-7648

eISSN: 2353-5636

Search

Search

Browse

  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Language

  • Deutsch
  • English
  • Español (España)
  • Français (France)
  • Italiano
  • Język Polski

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

Machine Learning, Authorship Identification, Text Attribution, Artificial Intelligence, Maria Valtorta, Mystical visions
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop