Aller directement au contenu principal Aller directement au menu principal Aller au pied de page
  • S'inscrire
  • Se connecter
  • Language
    • English
    • Język Polski
    • Français (France)
    • Deutsch
  • Menu
  • Accueil
  • Numéro courant
  • Archives
  • Annonces
  • À propos
    • À propos de cette revue
    • Soumissions
    • Comité éditorial
    • Déclaration de confidentialité
    • Contact
  • S'inscrire
  • Se connecter
  • Language:
  • English
  • Język Polski
  • Français (France)
  • Deutsch

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

The Price of Wishful Thinking. The Policy of the West towards Russia
  • Accueil
  • /
  • The Price of Wishful Thinking. The Policy of the West towards Russia
  1. Accueil /
  2. Archives /
  3. Vol. 60 No 3 (2025): Special Issue /
  4. FACES AND METAMORPHOSES OF RUSSIAN EMPIRES (333 YEARS: 1689–2022)

The Price of Wishful Thinking. The Policy of the West towards Russia

Auteurs

  • Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski University of Lodz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3427-3141

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.12775/SDR.2025.EN9.08

Mots-clés

Russia, Germany, Active Measures, propaganda disinformation

Résumé

The article analyses the West’s policy towards Russia after 1991. The author argues that the Western hopes for the democratisation and ‘civilisation’ of Russia were an illusion. As a result, policies based on wishful thinking failed completely – culminating in Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2022. The West believed that after the collapse of the USSR, Russia would become democratic, stable, and predictable. There were hopes for a ‘partnership for peace’ and integration (‘from Lisbon to Vladivostok’), but none of these ideas became a reality. Numerous institutional ties (Council of Europe, G8, NATO-Russia Council, Partnership for Peace) have failed to deliver results.

Biographie de l'auteur

Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski , University of Lodz

Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski (b. 1963) – PhD, researcher & an academic teacher at the University of Lodz (history and political science). In 1992, he was employed in the Ministry of National Defence of Poland, and in 1995, in the European Parliament (expert on Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine). 2006–2009 visiting professor at the Belarusian European Humanities University in Vilnius; 2017–2020 the lecturer at the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 2015–2025, a coordinator of the Security, Defence and Foreign Policy Section in the National Council of Development at the President of Poland. In 2015–2017 and 2020–2023, an advisor to the Minister of FA of Poland; 2018–2019 also to the Speaker of the Senate; and 2020–2023 to the Parliamentary Committee for FA; 2016–2020 – a member of the Polish-Ukrainian Partnership Forum.

Références

Primary Sources

‘Agreement on partnership and cooperation establishing a partnership between the European Communities and their Member States, of one part, and the Russian Federation, of the other part – Protocol 1 on the establishment of a coal and steel contact group – Protocol 2 on mutual administrative assistance for the correct application of customs legislation – Final Act – Exchanges of letters – Minutes of signing’, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 327, 28 Nov. 1997, ttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A21997A1128%2801%29.

‘Austrian ex-foreign minister in Putin wedding row set for job in Russia’, BBC, 4 March 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56280898.

Bakumenko S., ‘To Bomb One’s People’, Lawfare, 11 Dec. 2024, https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/to-bomb-one-s-people.

Benson R., ‘Ukraine’s Path Forward: Negotiating Peace Amid Competing Futures’, CAP, 28 Jan. 2025, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/ukraines-path-forward-negotiating-peace-amid-competing-futures/.

Brookes P., ‘Russian ‘Reset’ a Resounding Failure’, Heritage Foundation, 5 Apr. 2016, https://www.heritage.org/arms-control/commentary/russian-reset-resounding-failure.

‘Common Strategy of the European Union of 4 June 1999 on Russia (1999/414/CFSP)’, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 157/1, 24 July 1999.

‘Confrontation over Pristina airport’, BBC News, 9 March 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/671495.stm.

Crawford J., ‘Biden-Putin in Geneva: looking for common ground’, Swissinfo.ch, 16 June 2021, https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/biden-putin-in-geneva--looking-for-common-ground/46691734.

‘Danish PM rebuts Russian ambassador over Bornholm comments’, The Local, 7 Apr. 2022, https://www.thelocal.dk/20220407/danish-pm-rebuts-russian-ambassador-over-bornholm-comments.

Dębski S., ‘Nord Stream 2: German and U.S. Credibility Suffers Serious Damage’, pism.pl, 21 May 2021, https://pism.pl/publikacje/Nord_Stream_2_German_and_US_Credibility_Suffers_Serious_Damage.

Emmott R., ‘Spain sees Russian interference in Catalonia separatist vote’, Reuters, 13 Nov. 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/spain-sees-russian-interference-in-catalonia-separatist-vote-idUSKBN1DD20Y/.

‘EU and Russia launch new partnership for modernisation, European Commission’, Press release, 1 June 2010, An official website of the European Union, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_10_649.

‘EU/Russia: The four “Common Spaces’, MEMO/05/103, Brussels, 18 March 2005, European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/memo_05_103.

‘Former Austrian Chancellor Lands Russian Job. Christian Kern has joined the board of Russian Railways’, Moscow Times, 19 July 2019, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/19/former-austrian-chancellor-lands-russian-job-a66495.

Fürst J., ‘Soldiers’ Mothers Have Long Been a Thorn in the Kremlin’s Side’, Moscow Times, 8 March 2024, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/03/08/soldiers-mothers-have-long-been-a-thorn-in-the-kremlins-side-a84394.

Goble P., ‘Moscow Focusing on Gotland and Other Baltic Sea Islands as Potential Targets’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 21, no. 89 (11 June 2024), https://jamestown.org/program/moscow-focusing-on-gotland-and-other-baltic-sea-islands-as-potential-targets/.

Herszenhorn D.M., ‘Putin and Biden confirm extension of New START treaty’, Politico, 27 Jan. 2021, https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-and-biden-confirm-extension-of-new-start-treaty/.

Joint Statement on the Partnership for Modernisation, EU-Russia Summit, 31 May – 1 June 2010, Rostov-on-Don, 1 June 2010, 10546/10, Presse 154, Council of the European Union, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/114747.pdf.

Koffler R., ‘Biden loses to Putin at Geneva summit just by showing up’, The Hill, 15 June 2021, https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/558385-biden-loses-to-putin-at-geneva-summit-just-by-showing-up/.

Lau J., ‘“Wandel durch Handel” Unsere Kolumne zu Phrasen der internationalen Politik’, Internationale Politik, 1 Sept. 2021, https://internationalepolitik.de/de/wandel-durch-handel-0.

Lee M., Knickmeyer E., Jordans F., ‘US spares ally Germany in sanctions for Nord Stream pipeline’, 19 May 2021, AP News, https://apnews.com/article/russia-europe-germany-business-government-and-politics-6e538d7960c4dfbc3342282f1db03bf.

Liptak K., ‘Biden predicts Russia “will move in” to Ukraine, but says “minor incursion” may prompt discussion over consequences’, CNN, 19 Jan. 2022, https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/19/politics/russia-ukraine-joe-biden-news-conference/index.html.

‘Lithuanians sue Gorbachev over deadly Soviet crackdown’, Courthouse News Service, 13 Jan. 2022, https://www.courthousenews.com/lithuanians-sue-gorbachev-over-deadly-soviet-crackdown/.

Lowry R., ‘The Russian Reset to Nowhere’, Politico Magazine, 5 March 2014, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/03/russian-reset-to-nowhere-104324/.

Lynch D., ‘Russia Faces Europe’, Chaillot Papers, no. 60 (May 2003).

Lynch D., ‘Struggling with an indispensable partner’, in What Russia Sees, ed. id., Chaillot Paper Series, no. 74 (Paris, 2005).

Marshall T., ‘German Peace Activists Roll Back Into Action : Protests: The shock of the Gulf conflict has touched a chord among the nation’s youth and political left’, Los Angeles Times, 20 Jan. 1991, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-881-story.html.

McCannon J., ‘Soviet Intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39: A Reexamination’, Russian History/L’Histoire Russe, 22, no. 2 (1995).

McConnell R., ‘The Mythical Great Russia is Gone’, The U.S.–Ukraine Foundation, 16 Jan. 2023, https://usukraine.org/blog/opinion-the-mythical-great-russia-is-gone.

Menkiszak M., Rodkiewicz W., ‘Meeting in Istanbul: The Kremlin’s maximalist demands’, Analyses OSW, 3 June 2025, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2025-06-03/meeting-istanbul-kremlins-maximalist-demands.

Osborn A., ‘U.S.-Russia summit: The American presidents Putin has confronted’, Reuters, 16 June 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/us-russia-summit-american-presidents-putin-has-confronted-2021-06-16/.

Petro N.N., ‘Seizing the Medvedev Moment’, New York Times, 13 March 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/13/opinion/13iht-edpetro.1.11045974.html.

Prince T., ‘Once a Hope of Russian Liberals and the West, Medvedev Beats a Bellicose Drum to Stay Safe, Relevant’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 24 Apr. 2022, https://www.rferl.org/a/medvedev-liberal-to-bellicose/31818941.html.

Reinfeldt S., ‘Die SPÖ in bester russischer Gesellschaft. Aus Liebe zur Macht’, 2. Mai 2019 (Update 24. Februar 2022), https://www.semiosis.at/2019/05/02/die-spoe-in-bester-russischer-gesellschaft-aus-liebe-zur-macht/.

‘Religion: Sancta Simplicitas’, The Time, 31 March 1924, https://time.com/archive/6651341/religion-sancta-simplicitas/.

Savranskaya S., Blanton T. (ed.), ‘Yeltsin Shelled Russian Parliament 25 Years Ago, U.S. Praised “Superb Handling”’, National Security Archives, 4 Oct. 2018, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2018-10-04/yeltsin-shelled-russian-parliament-25-years-ago-us-praised-superb-handling.

Schröder, G., ‘“Wandel durch Verflechtung” Die Russen sind auf dem Weg zu Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft. Sie verdienen unser Vertrauen’, Der Spiegel, 20 May 2007, https://www.spiegel.de/politik/wandeldurch-verflechtung-a-da99a64e-0002-0001-0000-000051644671.

Seroka M., ‘Montenegro: Russia accused of attempting to organise a coup d’état’, Analyses OSW, 6 March 2017, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2017-03-06/montenegro-russia-accused-attempting-to-organise-a-coup-detat.

Shalal A., Gardner T., Holland S., ‘U.S. waives sanctions on Nord Stream 2 as Biden seeks to mend Europe ties’, Reuters, 19 May 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-waive-sanctions-firm-ceo-behind-russias-nord-stream-2-pipeline-source-2021-05-19/.

Soldatkin V., Balmforth T., Hayatsever H., ‘Russia sets out punitive terms at peace talks with Ukraine’, Reuters, 3 June 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-ukraine-talk-about-peace-are-still-far-apart-2025-06-02/.

Strzelecki J., ‘Tensions between Greece and Russia, with Macedonia in the background’, Analyses OSW, 25 July 2018, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2018-07-25/tensions-between-greece-and-russia-macedonia-background-0.

Tınas M., ‘German Foreign Policy During the First Gulf Crisis: Overcoming a Taboo on Being a Military Power on World Stage’, Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences, 9, no. 1 (2022).

‘Treaty on settlement of the situation in Ukraine, its neutrality and security guarantees of Ukraine’, Draft as of 17 March 2022 (22:00), Reconciled text received from the Ukrainian side, with amendments from the Russian side’, https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/documenttools/e548b273c4d42a3a/5e73b566-full.pdf.

Troianovski A., Entous A., Schwirtz M., ‘Ukraine-Russia Peace Is as Elusive as Ever. But in 2022 They Were Talking’, New York Times, 15 June 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/06/15/world/europe/ukraine-russia-ceasefire-deal.html.

‘Ukraine Gongadze case: Court convicts journalist’s killer’, BBC News, 29 Jan. 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21245784.

‘U.S.-Russia Relations: “Reset” Fact Sheet, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House President Barack Obama’, 24 June 2010, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/us-russia-relations-reset-fact-sheet.

‘Vladimir Putin attends Austrian foreign minister’s wedding’, BBC, 18 Aug. 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45229235.

Wilk A., ‘France and Germany are establishing a closer military co-operation with Russia’, Analyses OSW, 29 June 2011, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2011-06-29/france-and-germany-are-establishing-a-closer-military-co-operation.

‘Wolfgang Schüssel Joins the Lukoil Supervisory Board – Who are His Colleagues?’, Vindobona. Vienna International News, 13 March 2019, https://www.vindobona.org/article/wolfgang-schussel-joins-the-lukoil-supervisory-board-who-are-his-colleagues.

Secondary Literature

Cartwright, G., ‘Tragedy and Triumph: Vilnius, January 13th, 1991 – Soviet Brutality and Lithuanian Independence’, EU Today, 13 Jan. 2024, https://eutoday.net/lithuanian-independence-soviet-union/.

Chojnicka K., ‘Cerkiew prawosławna w reformach Piotra Wielkiego’, Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa, 3 (2010).

Ćwiek-Karpowicz J., Formuszewicz R., ‘Partnership on Modernisation: the EU’s New Initiative towards Russia’, Bulletin PISM, 43 (18 March 2010), https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/114972/a119-2010.pdf.

De Spiegeleire S., ‘The Implementation of the EU’s Common Strategy on Russia’, in The EU Common Strategy on Russia. Learning the Grammar of the CFSP, ed. H. Haukkala, S. Medvedev (Kauhava, 2001).

Frost P., ‘Russia: Medvedev a Liberal? CA Implications, Foreign Policy Association’, https://fpa.org/russia-medvedev-a-liberal-ca-implications/.

‘George Bush, 41st President of the United States: 1989–1993 Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union, 1 Aug. 1991, The American Presidency Project’, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-supreme-soviet-the-republic-the-ukraine-kiev-soviet-union.

Gibała M., ‘Høvsgaard: Blackmailing and bribery – the story of Nord Stream (Interview)’, Biznes Alert EN, 4 Sept. 2017, https://biznesalert.com/hovsgaard-blackmailing-bribery-story-nord-stream-interview/.

Kaczorowski B. ‘Rosja wobec separatyzmu katalońskiego (2014–2017)’, Politeja, 61, no. 4 (2019).

Kaminskaite G., ‘Navalny: a patriot and an imperialist’, New Eastern Europe, 30 Jan. 2025, https://neweasterneurope.eu/2025/01/30/navalny-a-patriot-and-an-imperialist/.

Lenore M.G., The Future of Turkish Foreign Policy (Cambridge MA – London, 2004).

Litvinenko A., Felshtinsky Y., Blowing up Russia. The Book that Got Litvinenko Assassinated (London, 2019).

Gursztyn P., Dlaczego Rosjanie sa inni? Historia mentalności rosyjskiej (Siedlce, 2025).

Magna Carta: A Central European Perspective of Our Common Heritage of Freedom, ed. Z. Rau, P. Żurawski vel Grajewski, M. Tracz-Tryniecki (London – New York, 2016).

Naumov A., ‘The role of the “Ukraine without Kuchma” campaign in the growing socio-political crisis in Ukraine at the beginning of the XXI century’, Genesis исторические исследования, 10 (2022).

‘Philippe de Villiers’ Connections with Russia’, Brussels Watch, 2 Apr. 2024, https://brusselswatch.org/philippe-de-villiers-connections-with-russia/.

Pipes A., Russia under the Old Regime (New York, 1974).

Strzelczyk J., Ucieczka ze Wschodu. Rosja w polskiej polityce 1989–1993 (Warszawa, 2002).

Thiele U., Dobbert S., Nord Stream. Wie Deutschland Putins Krieg bezahlt (Stuttgart, 2025).

Wood D., ‘Joe Biden’s “Minor Incursion” Russia Remark: History Proves It Was a Mistake’, Heritage Foundation, 26 Jan. 2022, https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/joe-bidens-minor-incursion-russia-remark-history-proves-it-was-mistake.

Wuorinen J.H., ‘The Finnish Treaty’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Peace Settlements of World War II, vol. 257 (May 1948).

Zaretsky R., Catherine & Diderot: The Empress, the Philosopher, and the Fate of the Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA – London, 2019).

Żurawski vel Grajewski P., ‘Stosunki UE-Ukraina – studium niepowodzenia wysiłków Kijowa na rzecz uzyskania obietnicy stowarzyszenia z Unią Europejską’, in Proces akcesji do Unii Europejskiej, ed. P. Żurawski vel Grajewski (Łódź, 2001).

‘Соглашение о мерах обеспечения безопасности Российской Федерации и государств-членов Организации Североатлантического договора’, Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, 17 Dec. 2021, https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790803/.

‘Соглашение о мерах обеспечения безопасности Российской Федерации и государств-членов Организации Североатлантического договора’, Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, 17 Dec. 2021, https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790803/.

Федерольф А., Рядом з Алеи (Москва, 1996).

‘Договор о посоянном нейтралитете и гарантиях безопаснсти Украины, Проект по сосоянию на 15.04.2022 (12.15), Отправлен Президенту РФ 15 апреля 2022 г., Позиция РФ, несогласованная УС, Позиция УС, несогласованная РФ, Вапросы, которые УС отказывается обсуждать, ссылаяс на их отсутсвие в “Стамбулском коммюнике”’, https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/documenttools/17f655b584276917/07ec81ce-full.pdf.

‘Договор между Российской Федерацией и Соединенными Штатами Америки о гарантиях безопасности’, Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, 17 Dec. 2021, https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790818/.

‘Коммюнике по итогам косультаций 28–30 марта 2022 года Основные положеня Договора о гарантиях безопаснсти Украины’, https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/documenttools/a5214f759bae786d/166ec410-full.pdf.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

Téléchargements

  • PDF (English)

Publiée

2026-01-17

Comment citer

1.
ŻURAWSKI VEL GRAJEWSKI , Przemysław. The Price of Wishful Thinking. The Policy of the West towards Russia. Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Online. 17 janvier 2026. Vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 259-283. [Accessed 18 janvier 2026]. DOI 10.12775/SDR.2025.EN9.08.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Télécharger la référence bibliographique
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Numéro

Vol. 60 No 3 (2025): Special Issue

Rubrique

FACES AND METAMORPHOSES OF RUSSIAN EMPIRES (333 YEARS: 1689–2022)

Licence

Creative Commons License

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 4
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Explorer l'Index des auteurs
  • Issue archive

User

User

Numéro courant

  • Logo Atom
  • Logo RSS2
  • Logo RSS1

Informations

  • Pour les lecteurs
  • Pour les auteurs
  • Pour les bibliothécaires

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Langue

  • English
  • Język Polski
  • Français (France)
  • Deutsch

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

Russia, Germany, Active Measures, propaganda disinformation
Haut

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop