The The agency of refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case of the Nakivale settlement (Uganda)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/lud105.2021.08Keywords
agency, structure, subjectivity, empowerment, integration, liminality, “protratcted refugee situations”Abstract
The lives of refugees are burdened with challenges, which have been aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Referring to Anthony Giddens' structuring theory, this article attempts to analyse the threats faced by refugees during the public health crisis. In an attempt to find an answer to the question of how the agency of refugees manifested itself during the COVID-19 pandemic, special emphasis has been placed on the relationship between the subject and structure on the example of the Nakivale (Uganda) settlement, whose inhabitants live in a prolonged state of "protraction". The article uses narratives, information and data provided by representatives of the Nakivale Researchers Network; a research network located in the Nakivale camp. The methodology of this work is based on the concept of co-presence, the use of the so-called "Technology of life", combined with the results of the field interview carried out in Nakivale before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
Ager, A., Eyber, C. (2002). Indicators of Integration: A Review of Potential Indicators’. Report to the Home Office Immigration Research and Statistics Service.
Ager, A., Strang, A. (2008). Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21 (2). doi: 10.1093/jrs/fen016
Ahimbisibwe, F. (2019). Uganda and the refugee problem: challenges and opportunities. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 13 (5). doi: 10.5897/AJPSIR2018.1101
Akua-Sakyiwah, B. (2020). Intersecting social structures and human actors: Ganfoso refugees’ settling experiences and impact on children’s education. Comparative Migration Studies, 8 (1). doi: 10.1186/s40878-020-00202-4
Beaulieu, A. (2010). Research Note: From co-location to co-presence: Shifts in the use of ethnography for the study of knowledge. Social Studies of Science, 40 (3), 453–470. doi: 10.1177/0306312709359219
Cruz, E.G., Harindranath, R. (2020). WhatsApp as “technology of life”: Reframing research agendas. First Monday. doi: 10.5210/fm.v25i12.10405
Easton‐Calabria, E., Herson, M. (2020). In praise of dependencies: dispersed dependencies and displacement. Disasters, 44 (1). doi: 10.1111/disa.12366
Ellison, R. (1972). Invisible Man. New York: A Vintage Book.
Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E., Loescher, G., Long, K., Sigona, N., Milner, J. (2014). Protracted Refugee Situations. In: The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Ghorashi, H., de Boer, M., ten Holder, F. (2018). Unexpected agency on the threshold: Asylum seekers narrating from an asylum seeker centre. Current Sociology, 66 (3), 373–391. doi: 10.1177/0011392117703766
Giddens, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Giddens, A. (1991a). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Giddens, A. (1991b). The self: Ontological security and the existential anxiety. In: A. Giddens, Modernity and selfidentity: Self and society in the late modern age. California: Stanford University Press.
Goffman, E. (1957). Alienation from Interaction. Human Relations, 10 (1), 47–60. doi: 10.1177/001872675701000103
Goffman, E. (1971). The Territories of the Self. In: Relations in Public. Microstudies of the Public Order (p. 28–61). London: Allen Lane Penguin Press.
Griffiths, P. (2001). Counselling asylum seekers and refugees: a study of Kurds in early and later stages of exile. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 4 (2). doi: 10.1080/13642530110073275
Harrell-Bond, B.E. (1986). Imposing aid: emergency assistance to refugees. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Healey, R.L. (2006). Asylum-seekers and refugees: a structuration theory analysis of their experiences in the UK. Population, Space and Place, 12 (4). doi: 10.1002/psp.412
Jacobsen, K. (2001). The forgotten solution: local integration for refugees in developing countries. Working Paper No. 45. Pozyskano z https://www.unhcr.org/research/working/3b7d24059/forgotten-solution-local-integration-refugees-developing-countries-karen.html.
Joël, D. (2020a). At the hospital in the refugee camp. 25.08.2021. Pozyskano z https://lifeinnakivale.wordpress.com/.
Joël, D. (2020b). Pandemia zmarnuje nasze wysiłki w walce z analfabetyzmem. Wszystko Co Najważniejsze. Pozyskano z https://wszystkoconajwazniejsze.pl/dieudonne-kikalage-joel-pandemia-zmarnuje-caly-postep-we-walce-z-analfabetyzmem-ostatnich-lat/.
Joël, D. (2020c). We are alive, still alive. Wszystko Co Najważniejsze. Pozyskano z https://wszystkoconajwazniejsze.pl/dieudonne-kikalage-joel-we-are-alive-still-alive/.
Lejano, R.P., Rahman, M.S., Kabir, L. (2020). Risk Communication for Empowerment: Interventions in a Rohingya Refugee Settlement. Risk Analysis, 40 (11). doi: 10.1111/risa.13541
Little, D. (2012). Giddens on Agents and Structures. Understanding Society. Pozyskano z https://undsoc.org/2012/06/09/giddens-on-agents-and-structures/.
Ma, L. (2010). Theory and Education: A Case of Structuration Theory. Indiana University – Bloomington. Pozyskano z http://hdl.handle.net/2142/14934.
Msabah, B.A. (2019). Refugee migrants as agents of change: Strategies for improved livelihoods and self-reliance. Verbum et Ecclesia, 40 (1). doi: 10.4102/ve.v40i1.1851
Olum, R., Bongomin, F. (2020). Uganda’s first 100 COVID-19 cases: Trends and lessons. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.073
Ortner, S.B. (2006). Anthropology and Social Theory. Durham: Duke University Press. doi: 10.1215/9780822388456
Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., Tacchi, J. (2015). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Polman, L. (2011). Karawana kryzysu. Za kulisami przemysłu pomocy humanitarnej. Wołowiec: Wydawnictwo Czarne.
Safieldin, M. (2021). Prioritize re-opening of schools to secure children’s well being . Pozyskano z https://www.unicef.org/uganda/press-releases/prioritize-re-opening-schools-secure-childrens-well-being.
Schlein, L. (2020). WFP to Cut Refugee Food Rations in Uganda for Lack of Cash. Voice of America, 25.03.2021. Pozyskano z https://www.voanews.com/africa/wfp-cut-refugee-food-rations-uganda-lack-cash.
Sewell, W.H. (1992). A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 98 (1), 1–29. doi: 10.1086/229967
Sibeon, R. (2004). Rethinking Social Theory. London: Sage Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781446216989
Silva, M. (2019). Nakivale Refugee Settlement and its settlers. Pozyskano z https://marijosilvaphotography.com/Nakivale-Refugee-Settlement-and-its-settlers.
Sweetman, P. (2003). Twenty-First Century Dis-Ease? Habitual Reflexivity Or the Reflexive Habitus. The Sociological Review, 51 (4), 528–549. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2003.00434.x
Turner, J.H. (1986). The Theory of Structuration The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Anthony Giddens. American Journal of Sociology, 91 (4), 969–977. doi: 10.1086/228358
UNESCO. (2021). Global Monitoring of School Closures Caused by COVID-19 Pandemic report. Pozyskano z http://covid19.uis.unesco.org/global-monitoring-school-closures-covid19/.
UNHCR. (2004). “Protracted Refugee Situations”. Standing Committee, 30th meeting report (No. EC/54/SC/CRP.14).
UNHCR. (2021). Education. Pozyskano z https://www.unhcr.org/education.html.
WFP. (2021). Uganda: Joint sharing of information with refugees on the prioritisation of WFP’s food assistance.
Zimmerman, M.A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5). doi: 10.1007/BF02506983
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Mateusz Krawczyk
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- The authors give the publisher (Polish Ethnological Society) non-exclusive license to use the work in the following fields:
- recording of a Work / subject of a related copyright;
- reproduction (multiplication) Work / subject of a related copyright in print and digital technique (ebook, audiobook);
- marketing of units of reproduced Work / subject of a related copyright;
- introduction of Work / object of related copyright to computer memory;
- dissemination of the work in an electronic version in the formula of open access under the Creative Commons license (CC BY - ND 3.0).
- The authors give the publisher the license free of charge.
- The use of the work by publisher in the above mentioned aspects is not limited in time, quantitatively nor territorially.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 547
Number of citations: 0