Cookbooks for children in the USA in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries – tendencies and development trends
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/FT.2020.005Klíčová slova
książki kucharskie dla dzieci, historia literatury dla dzieci, rynek książki dla dzieci w XIX i XX w., amerykańska literatura dla dzieci, kultura kulinarnaAbstrakt
Teza/Cel: Celem artykułu jest zbadanie genezy i rozwoju książek kucharskich intencjonalnie adresowanych do dzieci wydawanych w USA w drugiej połowie XIX i w XX w. Chodziło o wskazanie specyficznych typów tych publikacji oraz zidentyfikowanie czynników społecznych i gospodarczych mających wpływ na ich ewolucję.
Metoda badawcza: Materiał źródłowy do analizy pozyskano z zasobów cyfrowych kolekcji książek kucharskich udostępnionych w domenie publicznej takich, jak np. Ann Hertzler Children's Cookbook&Nutrition Literature Collection, Culinary Arts Museum Johnson&Wales University i innych. W sumie analizie zawartości poddano kilkadziesiąt egzemplarzy wydanych w USA w latach 1876-1998 oraz inne artefakty należące do obszaru dziecięcej kultury kulinarnej tego obszaru geograficznego.
Wyniki/Wnioski: Historia książek kucharskich dla dzieci w USA rozpoczyna się w 1876 r. i trwa nieprzerwanie po dziś dzień. Geneza zjawiska wiąże się z upowszechnieniem idei oświeceniowych, zwłaszcza nowego modelu wychowania i psychospołeczną emancypacją dziecka, a także zmianami społeczno-gospodarczymi, poszerzaniem się kręgu ludzi czytających, pojawieniem się nowej grupy nabywców – dzieci z klasy średniej. Wczesne amerykańskie książki kucharskie dla dzieci miały formę literackich opowiadań kulinarnych tzw. cook`s story czy culinary story. Wykorzystywano je by uczyć dziewczynki gotowania, były narzędziem socjalizacji do pełnienia roli gospodyni domowej. Od początku XX w. obserwujemy dynamiczny rozwój nowych nurtów tych publikacji, takich jak wierszowane książki kucharskie i broszury reklamujące znane marki spożywcze tzw. culinary emphemera. Od połowy XX w. nowością na rynku były książki kucharskie adresowane do chłopców. W dekadzie lat 70. pojawiają się adresowane do nastolatków poradniki promujące zdrowy styl życia i diety (wegańska i wegetariańską), książki powiązane z bohaterami lektur dzieciństwa oraz popularnymi ikonami mediów dla dzieci. Współcześnie uwagę zwraca różnorodność formatów i wysoka atrakcyjność edytorska tych publikacji oraz ich silny związek z przemysłem zabawkarskim i medialnym.
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