Review of Counter-Terrorism Systems during Summer Olympic Games in the 21st Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2023.010Słowa kluczowe
armed forces, Olympic games, security, strategy, terrorismAbstrakt
The research results presented in this article refer to the organization of security systems by the host countries during the Summer Olympics in Athens (2004), Beijing (2008), London (2012) and Rio de Janeiro (2016). The main part of the considerations in this article focuses on the complex issues related to the proper protection of mass sports events of this type against terrorist attacks.
Taking this research approach, the authors characterize and evaluate the safety systems prepared by the organizers of the listed Summer Olympics. The case studies presented in the article include, first of all, the characteristics of the security systems of the Olympic Games through the prism of their organization and the intensity of the means used to protect against terrorism on land, water and in the air. The role and importance of international cooperation during the preparation of security systems for this type of international sports events was also highlighted.
Bibliografia
Anderson, C. (2003, November 3). FBI Chief to Check Olympics Security. Denver Post.
Buzanelli, M. P. (2013). Porque é Necessário Tipificar o Crime de Terrorismo no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Inteligência, 8, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.58960/rbi.2013.8.101
Chapman, S. (2004, May 19). Terror Drills for Summer Olympics. CBS News. https://ft.cbsnews.com/news/terror-drills-for-summer-olympics/
Clarke, L. (2004, January 17). No Terror Threat to ’04 Games. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/2004/01/17/no-terror-threat-to-04-games/3a13a2b8-a6c0-4668-860f-c26be953244d/
Cody, E. (2008, April 29). For Chinese, a Shift in Mood, From Hospitable to Hostile. The Washington Post.
CRS. (2004). Athens Olympics 2004: U.S. Government Involvement in Security Preparations. CRS. https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20040728_RL32497_b74364fa9ede91fe41f49f49ab6230b1ce219d37.pdf
Dongbo, Z., & Haihua, Z. (2008). Troop Deployment for Olympic Security Has Been Completed.
Eryan, N. (2008, July 15). Analysis of Characteristics of PLA’s Olympic Security. Wen Wei Po. https://www.wenweipo.com/
Faculty of Management in sport, Alfa BK University, Serbia, Šiljak, V., Vukašinović, V., Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Belgrade, Serbia, Đurović, D., & Faculty of Management in sport, Alfa BK University, Serbia. (2016). Security Requirements at The Olympic Games. Sportlogia, 12(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.5550/sgia.161201.en.SVD
Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G., & Hobbs, D. (2012). The Regeneration Games: Purity and Security in the Olympic City: The regeneration games. The British Journal of Sociology, 63(2), 260–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01409.x
GAO. (2005). Olympic Security: U.S. Support to Athens Games Provides Lessons for Future Olympics (GAO-05-547). https://www.gao.gov/assets/250/246565.pdf
Garber, G. (2004, August 9). Cost of maximum security: $1.5 billion. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer04/gen/columns/story?id=1856022
Giulianotti, R., & Klauser, F. (2010). Security Governance and Sport Mega-events: Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723509354042
Giulianotti, R., & Klauser, F. (2012). Sport mega-events and ‘terrorism’: A critical analysis. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(3), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690211433454
Graham, S. (2012). Olympics 2012 security: Welcome to lockdown London. City, 16(4), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2012.696900
HM Government. (2010). A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy (Cm 7953). HMSO. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61936/national-security-strategy.pdf
Home Office. (2011). London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Safety and Security Strategy (No. 404835). COI. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97983/olympic-safety-security-strategy.pdf
Junwu, L. (2008, August 5). Tibet Autonomous Region Successfully Holds Anti-terrorist Real-troop Exercises on 2 and 4 August. Zhongguo Xinwen She.
Karpowicz, J., & Klich, E. (2004). Bezpieczeństwo Lotów i Ochrona Lotnictwa Przed Atakami Bezprawnej Ingerencji. AON.
Mallon, B., & Heijmans, J. (2011). Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement. Scarecrow Press.
Min, W., & Jun, W. (2008, June 26). Shenyang Military Region Air Force’s Olympics Security Mission Units Strengthen Whole System’s Ability to Handle Incidents. Kongjun Bao.
Ministry of Defense. (2010, July). Secure game. Defense Focus.
Mortimer, G. (2011, March 13). Olympics 2012 Airspace Restrictions. SUAS News - The Business of Drones. https://www.suasnews.com/2011/03/olympics-2012-airspace-restrictions/
Mulvenon, J. (2008). The Party Holds the Ring: Civil-Military Relations and Olympic Security. China Leadership Monitor, 26. https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/CLM26JM.pdf
Naval History and Heritage Command. (2017). Commander Sixth Fleet. Naval History and Heritage Command. http://public1.nhhcaws.local/research/library/research-guides/lists-of-senior-officers-and-civilian-officials-of-the-us-navy/commander-sixth-fleet.html
NBC News. (2008, June 24). Beijing gets ground-to-air defense for Olympics. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25351116
NTI. (2004). Greece Deploys Patriot Missiles to Defend Olympics. NTI. https://www.nti.org/gsn/article/greece-deploys-patriot-missiles-to-defend-olympics/
PESI Rio. (2016). Security in the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Social Communication Secretariat International Area Office of the President of Brazil.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Daniel Michalski, Adam Marek Radomyski, Paweł Bernat
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 356
Liczba cytowań: 0