Język angielski
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2024.003Słowa kluczowe
środowisko, prawa człowieka, natura, międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne, pokój, wojnaAbstrakt
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie i porównanie dwóch podejść do środowiska – podejścia z zakresu międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka (MPPC) i podejścia z zakresu międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego (MPH). Społeczność międzynarodowa znajduje się w trakcie kryzysu klimatycznego, stojąc w obliczu upadku społecznego oraz możliwego wyginięcia rodzaju ludzkiego w przyszłości. Dlatego należy wykorzystać wszelkie dostępne narzędzia prawne – w tym MPPC i MPH – aby zapewnić jak największą ochronę środowisku. Główne pytania badawcze to: Które z tych podejść lepiej chroni środowisko? Które jest bliższe idei, że środowisko nie tylko powinno być chronione, ale powinno mieć prawa? Gdzie środowisko jest chronione ze względu na jego wartość dla ludzi, a gdzie ze względu na jego inherentną wartość? Metody badawcze obejmują analizę literatury oraz analizę prawną (traktatów z zakresu praw człowieka i międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego).
Bibliografia
Advisory Opinion OC-23/17 Requested by the Republic of Colombia: The Environment and Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACrtHR) (2017). https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_23_ing.pdf
AJIL. (2023). Unbound Symposium on UN Recognition of the Human Right to a Healthy Environment. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/ajil-unbound-by-symposium/un-recognition-of-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment
Antoine, P. (1992). International humanitarian law and the protection of the environment in time of armed conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 32(291), 517-537. https://international-review.icrc.org/sites/default/files/S002086040007114Xa.pdf
Austin, J.E., & Bruch, C.E. (Eds.). (2000). The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
BBC. (2020). World Business Report. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172wx9bpzb2dr8.
Bloomberg News. (2022). How Russia’s War in Ukraine Is Choking the World’s Supply of Natural Resources. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2022-russia-commodities-shortage
Bodansky, D. (2003). Legal Regulation of the Effects of Military Activity on the Environment, Berichte des Umweltbundesamts/Reports of the German Federal Environment Agency. https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Europa___International/voelkerrecht.pdf
Bothe, M., Bruch, C., Diamond, J., & Jensen, D. (2010). International law protecting the environment during armed conflict: gaps and opportunities. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(879), 569-592. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383110000597
Bruch, C.E. (2000). Existing and emerging wartime standards. Introduction. In J.E. Austin & C.E. Bruch (Eds.), The Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nations General Assembly document A/42/427.
Dam-de Jong, D. (2015). International Law and Governance of Natural Resources in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/international-law-and-governance-of-natural-resources-in-conflict-and-postconflict-situations/protection-of-natural-resources-and-the-environment-under-international-humanitarian-law/BA49FA3FF1E5D154A16118A712A7B634
De Hemptinne, J. (2017). The Protection of Animals During Warfare, Symposium on Global Animal Law (Part I). https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DA9EA3AF4F252F1DC0ECAFD8016B6406/S2398772317000691a.pdf/div-class-title-the-protection-of-animals-during-warfare-div.pdf
Dinstein, Y. (2004). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflicts. Cambridge University Press.
Fadeyeva v. Russia, 55723/00, Eur.Ct.H.R. (2005).
Farrer, M. (2022). US accuses Russia of weaponising food in Ukraine crisis and holding global supplies ‘hostage’. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/20/us-accuses-russia-of-weaponising-food-in-ukraine-crisis-and-holding-global-supplies-hostage
Guerra v. Italy, 14967/89, Eur.Ct.H.R. (1998).
Haakonssen, K. (Ed). (2008). Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations, Or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury (series Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics). Liberty Found.
Heaven, D. (2019). Rights of Nature. New Scientist, 243(3249), 20-21.
Henckaerts, J-M, & Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge University Press.
Henckaerts, J-M. (2000). Towards Better Protection for the Environment in Armed Conflict: Recent Developments in International Humanitarian Law, Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 9(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1467-9388.00228
Hulme, K. (2007). Natural Environment. In E. Wilmshurst, & S. Breau (Eds.), Perspectives on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge University Press.
Human Rights Committee. (2016). Comm. No.2751/2016, Portillo Cáceres v Paraguay, UN Doc CCPR/C/126/D/2751/2016.
Human Rights Committee. (2018). General Comment 36, UN Doc. No.CCPR/C/GC/36.
Humans are not the only animals entitled to recognition and protection of their fundamental rights (nd). https://www.nonhumanrights.org/
Hungary v. Slovakia (Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project), ICJ (1997). https://www.icj-cij.org/case/92
ICJ. (1996). Advisory opinion on the legality of the use or threat of using nuclear weapons. https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/95
International Committee of the Red Cross. (1977). Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions on the protection of victims of international armed conflicts. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreaties1949.xsp
International Criminal Court. (1998). Statute of the International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf
Knox, J.H. (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment: Children’s Rights. United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/37/58. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3148487
Knox, J.H. (2020). Constructing the human right to a healthy environment. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 16, 88-91.
López Ostra v Spain, 16798/90, Eur.Ct.H.R (1994).
Maya Indigenous Community of the Toledo District v. Belize, Judgment (Merits), Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2004).
Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua, Judgment (Merits, Reparations and Costs), Series C, No.79, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2001).
Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. (2022). Briefing on the environmental damage caused by the Russia’s war of aggression against. https://mepr.gov.ua/en/news/39218.html
Mitra, M.N. (2015). Animals are Persons, too? We know more about the complex inner lives of animals than ever before. Are we ready to recognize their right to be free? Earth Island Journal Magazine. https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/animals_are_persons_too/
Moreno Gómez v. Spain, 4143/02, Eur.Ct.H.R (2004).
Nattrass, K.M. (2004). “... und die Tiere” Constitutional Protection for Germany’s Animals. Animal Law, 10, 283-312.
Öneryildiz v. Turkey, 48939/99, Eur.Ct.H.R (2004).
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. (1993). Chemical Weapons Convention. https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention
Panikkar, R. (1982). Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept? Diogenes, 30(120), 75–102.
Protocol III on Incendiary Weapons to the Conventional Weapons Convention, October 10, 1980, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/full/CCW-Protocol-III.
Safi, M. (2017). Ganges and Yamuna Rivers Granted Same Legal Rights as Human Beings. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/ganges-and-yamuna-rivers-grantedsame-legal-rights-as-human-beings
Saramaka People v. Suriname, Judgment (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), Series C, No. 172, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2007).
Schmitt, M.N. (2000). War and the environment: fault lines in the prescriptive landscape. In J.E. Austin & C.E. Bruch (Eds.), The Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) v. Nigeria, ACHPR (2001).
Taskin v. Turkey, 46117/99, Eur.Ct.H.R (2004).
Tatar v. Romania, 67021/01, Eur.Ct.H.R (2009).
The Environment and International Humanitarian Law (nd). https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/environment-and-international-humanitarian-law
Tignino, M., Kebebew, T., & Pellaton, C. (2023). International law and accountability for the Nova Kakhovka Dam disaster. https://lieber.westpoint.edu/international-law-accountability-nova-kakhovka-dam-disaster/
Tigre, M.A. (2021). Historic Breakthrough for Environment Justice: The UNHRC Recognizes the Right to a Healthy Environment as a Human Right. http://opiniojuris.org/2021/10/20/historic-breakthrough-for-environmental-justice-the-unhrc-recognizes-the-right-to-a-healthy-environment-as-a-human-right/
Titze, F. (2021). The nature-security nexus and the UN Security Council. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/10/14/nature-security-nexus-un-security-council/
UNCRC. (2019). Comm. No. 104/2019, Sacchi et al v. Argentina et al, UN Doc CRC/C/88/D/104/2019.
UNESCO. (1999). Declaration of Bizkaia on the Right to the Environment. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000117321
United Nations Environment Programme. (2009). Protecting the Environment During Armed Conflict: An Inventory and Analysis.
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2012). Res. 19/10, Human rights and the environment. UN Doc. No. A/HRC/RES/19/10.
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2021). Res. 48/13, The human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g21/289/50/pdf/g2128950.pdf?token=Ulb789zpJ8CkBXWY3V&fe=true
United Nations Human Rights Council. (2021). Res. A/HRC/48/L.23/rev.1. https://undocs.org/a/hrc/48/l.23/rev.1.
United Nations. (1972). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/nl7/300/05/pdf/nl730005.pdf?token=ggTl7W8LVDXWepmNBp&fe=true
United Nations. (1976). Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVI-1&chapter=26&clang=_en
United Nations. (1982). General Assembly resolution 37/7. World Charter for Nature. https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/424/85/pdf/nr042485.pdf?token=U7zmFoWs7CKB4LeHt6&fe=true
United Nations. (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Annex I. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf
United Nations. (2007). Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
United Nations. (2022). General Assembly declares access to clean and healthy environment a universal human right. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482
Wyatt, J. (2010). Law-making at the intersection of international environmental, humanitarian and criminal law: the issue of damage to the environment in international armed conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(872), 593-646.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Agnieszka Szpak
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 365
Liczba cytowań: 0
