Symbols of the Belarusian Resistance after the 2020 Presidential Election
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/SDR.2024.EN8.06Słowa kluczowe
opór społeczny, protest, Białoruś, symbolika protestu, wybory na Białorusi w 2020 r., Alaksandr ŁukaszenkaAbstrakt
Protesty, które wybuchły w sierpniu 2020 r. na Białorusi, były największym protestem społecznym przeciwko władzom od początku powstania państwa. Ich cechą wyróżniającą było bezprecedensowe użycie symboli sprzeciwu przez ich uczestników. Od pierwszych dni protestujący wyróżniali się wysokim poziomem świadomości wykorzystania symboli oraz umiejętną adaptacją odniesień historycznych i kulturowych. Uciekali się do zapożyczania symboli wcześniej używanych w kraju lub za granicą, wykorzystując pamięć zbiorową i tworząc własny system symboliki. Białoruskie społeczeństwo wyszło z protestów znacznie osłabione. Liderzy protestów albo trafili do kolonii karnych, albo musieli uciekać za granicę. Jednak na arenie międzynarodowej reakcja Białorusinów zmieniła ich wizerunek. Przed sierpniem 2020 r. oceniano ich jako uległych i biernych. Po nim ujawnili się jako naród wytrwały i kreatywny.
Bibliografia
Ackerman P., Kruegler Ch., Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century (London, 1994).
Ackerman P., DuVall J., A Force More Powerful. A Century of Nonviolent Conflict (New York, 2000).
Advances in the Visual Analysis of Social Movements, ed. N. Doerr, A. Mattoni, S. Teune, ‘Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change’ Series, vol. 35 (Leeds, 2013).
Ash T.G., ‘A Century of Civil Resistance: Some Lessons and Questions’, in A. Roberts, T.G. Ash, Civil Resistance and Power Politics. The Experience of Non-Violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (Oxford, 2004).
Bekus N., ‘Echo of 1989? Protest Imaginaries and Identity Dilemmas in Belarus’, Slavic Review, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 4–14, doi:10.1017/slr.2021.25, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ slavic-review/article/echo-of-1989-protest-imaginaries-and-identity-dilemmas-in-belarus/ B590F9290CF7D14287583DD3EE5BF853.
Bekus N., ‘Historical memory and symbolism in the Belarusian Protests’, Cultures of History, 16 Feb. 2021, https://www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de/politics/belarus/historical- memory-and-symbolism-in-the-belarusian-protests/#part3#part1.
Bekus N., ‘Reassembling Society in a Nation-State: History, Language, and Identity Discourses of Belarus’, Nationalities Papers, vol. 51 (2023).
Bekus N., Gabowitsch M., ‘Introduction to the special issue on protest and authoritarian reaction in Belarus: New subjectivities and beyond’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 53, no. 3 (2023).
Bekus N., Struggle over Identity: The Official and the Alternative “Belarusianness” (Budapest, 2023).
Belarus in the Twenty-First Century, ed. E. Korosteleva, I. Pertova, and A. Kudlenko (Abingdon, 2023).
Berardi L., ‘Euroradio: from Warsaw for Belarus’, Open Democracy, 13 Jan. 2016, https://www. opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/euroradio-from-warsaw-for-belarus/.
Chenoweth E., Stephan M.J., Why Civil Resistance Works. The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (New York, 2011).
Marche G., ‘Expressivism and Resistance: Graffiti as an Infrapolitical Form of Protest against the War on Terror’, Revue Française d’Études Americaines, vol. 131, no 1 (2012).
Gapova E., ‘Class, Agency, and Citizenship in Belarusian Protest’, Slavic Review, vol. 80, no. 1 (2021).
Glod K., ‘Belarus’s New Age of Civic Activism Is Changing the Country’, 22 Feb. 2021, https:// carnegieeurope.eu/2021/02/22/belarus-s-new-age-of-civic-activism-is-changing-country-pub-83904.
Goble P., ‘NEXTA Telegram Channel And Cyber-Partisan Hackers Two Most Important Online Players in Belarus-OpEd’, Eurasia Review, 11 Oct. 2020, https://www.eurasiareview. com/11102020-nexta-telegram-channel-and-cyber-partisan-hackers-two-most-important-online-players-in-belarus-oped/.
Hansbury P., Belarus in Crisis: From Domestic Unrest to the Russia-Ukraine War (London, 2023).
Harper J., ‘The art of protest in Belarus’, Emerging Europe, 17 Apr. 2021, https://emerging-europe.com/after-hours/the-art-of-protest-in-belarus/.
Jasper J.M., The Art of Moral Protest; Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements (Chicago–London, 1997).
Karatnycky A., Ackerman P., How Freedom Is Won: From Civic Resistance to Durable Democracy (New York, 2005).
Kazharski A., ‘Belarus’ New political nation? 2020 anti-authoritarian protests as identity building’, New Perspectives, vol. 29, no. 1 (2021).
Kentish P., ‘The enduring creativity of the #FreeBelarus movement’, Emerging Europe, 7 Nov. 2022, https://emerging-europe.com/after-hours/the-enduring-creativity-behind-the-freebelarus-movement/.
Krawatzek F., Sasse G., ‘Belarus protests: why people have been taking to the streets – new data’, Conversation, https://theconversation.com/belarus-protests-why-people-have-been-taking-to-the-streets-new-data-154494.
‘Lithuania plans human chain from Vilnius to Belarusian border to show solidarity’, LRT English Newsletter, 14 Aug. 2020, https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1210622/ lithuania-plans-human-chain-from-vilnius-to-belarusian-border-to-show-solidarity.
Malerius S., ‘Repressions reveal the ruthlessness of the Lukashenka regime’, New Eastern Europe, no. 5 (2021), https://neweasterneurope.eu/2021/09/12/repressions-reveal-the-ruthlessness-of-the-lukashenka-regime/.
Marples D.R., Our Glorious Past: Lukashenka’s Belarus and the Great Patriotic War (New York, 2014).
Martysevich M., ‘Belarus: The Alphabet of Protest’, transl. N. Mamul, Culture.pl, 13 Oct. 2020, https://culture.pl/en/article/belarus-the-alphabet-of-protest.
Navumau V., Matveieva O., ‘The Gender Dimension of the 2020 Belarusian protest: Does female engagement contribute to the establishment of gender equality?’, New Perspectives, vol. 29, no. 3 (2021).
Nepstad Sh.E., Nonviolent Revolutions. Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century (Oxford, 2011).
Noack R., Glucroft W., ‘What’s behind the Belarus protests?’, Washington Post, 14 Aug. 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/14/whats-behind-belarus-protests/.
Norris S.M., ‘History, Memory, and the Art of Protest in Belarus’, Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective, vol. 14, no. 6 (2021), https://origins.osu.edu/article/history-memory-and-art-protest-belarus.
Paulovich N., ‘How Feminist is the Belarusian Revolution? Female Agency and Participation in the 2020 Post-Election Protests’, Slavic Review, vol. 80, no. 1 (2021).
Petz I., ‘The mood has changed’, Eurozine, 3 Nov. 2020, https://www.eurozine.com/the-mood- has-changed/#.
Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, ed. M.J. Bartkowski (London, 2013).
Roache M., ‘Meet the 73-Year-Old Great-Grandmother Defying the Dictatorship in Belarus’, Time, 2 Oct. 2020, https://time.com/5895174/nina-baginskaya-belarus/.
Rudling Per A., The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931 (Pittsburgh, 2014).
Schock K., Unarmed Insurrections. People Power Movements in Nondemocracies (Minneapolis, 2004).
Serhan Y., ‘What Belarus Learned From the Rest of the World’, Atlantic, 26 Aug. 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/08/belaurus-protest-tactics-hong-kong/615454/.
Sharp G., The Politics of Nonviolent Action, part 2: The Methods of Nonviolent Action, part 3: The Dynamics of Nonviolent Action (Boston, 2000).
Sharp G., There are Realistic Alternatives (Boston, 2003).
Shparaga O., ‘Von Partisanen-Nomaden zum Aktionskünstler. Die belarussische Gegenwartskunst’, Belarus-Analysen, vol. 12 (2013).
Sierakowski S., ‘Belarus Uprising: The Making of a Revolution’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 31, no. 4 (2020), pp. 5–16, https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/belarus-uprising-the- making-of-a-revolution/.
Snyder T., The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (Yale University Press, 2003).
Stenstrom T., Belarus – A Silenced History; A Chronological Account from the Middle Ages to the War in Ukraine (Stuttgart, 2024).
Swidlicka Z., Cockroaches, ‘White Knights + One-Eyed Monsters: Decoding Belarus Protest Graphics’, 7 Sep. 2020, https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/cockroaches-white-knights-one-eyed-monsters-decoding-belarus-protest-graphics/.
The Aesthetics of Global Protest: Visual Culture and Communication, ed. A. McGarry, I. Erhart, H. Eslen-Ziya, O. Jenzen, and U. Korkut (Amsterdam, 2019).
Turp-Balazs C., ‘Impunity for perpetrators of torture in Belarus reinforces need for international justice’, Emerging Europe, 1 Feb. 2021, https://emerging-europe.com/analysis/impunity-for-perpetrators-of-torture-in-belarus-reinforces-need-for-international-justice/.
Vasilevich H., ‘Belarusian national identity: what did the 2020 protests demonstrate?’, Regard sur L’Est, 12 Oct. 2020, https://regard-est.com/belarusian-national-identity-what-did-the-2020-protests-demonstrate.
‘Why a great grandmother is the symbol of Belarus protests’, Christian Science Monitor Daily, 9 Sep. 2020, https://www.csmonitor.com/Daily/2020/20200909/Why-a-great-grandmother- is-the-symbol-of-Belarus-protests.
Wilson A., Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship (New Haven, 2021).
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 68
Liczba cytowań: 0
