The United States against Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/SDR.2023.EN7.07Słowa kluczowe
wojna w Ukrainie 2022 r., rosyjska agresja, Stany Zjednoczone, pomoc wojskowa, pomoc gospodarcza i humanitarna, sankcje gospodarczeAbstrakt
Artykuł analizuje reakcję Stanów Zjednoczonych na rosyjską agresję przeciwko Ukrainie w 2022 roku. Omówiono w nim amerykańską percepcję wojny w Ukrainie, wsparcie wojskowe udzielane armii ukraińskiej przez USA, gospodarcze i humanitarne aspekty reakcji amerykańskiej na wojnę oraz perspektywę dalszej pomocy USA i postrzegania możliwości zakończenia konfliktu w Ukrainie.
Bibliografia
Documents
NATO, ‘Madrid Summit Declaration Issued by NATO Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Madrid 29 June 2022’, Madrid, 29 June 2022, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_196951.htm (accessed: 8 August 2022).
The White House, ‘Joint Statement on the US-Ukraine Strategic Partnership’, Washington DC, 1 September 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/01/joint-statement-on-the-u-s-ukraine-strategic-partnership/ (accessed: 8 August 2022).
The White House, ‘National Security Strategic Guidance’, Washington DC, March 2021, https:// www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf (accessed: 8 August 2022).
The White House, ‘National Security Strategy of the United States of America’, Washington DC, December 2017, pp. 2, 25, 47, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf (accessed: 8 August 2022).
The White House, ‘National Security Strategy’, Washington DC, February 2015, https:// obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2. pdf (accessed: 8 August 2022).
United Nations, ‘Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 March 2014, A/RES/68/262’, New York, 27 March 2014, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/ N13/455/17/PDF/N1345517.pdf?OpenElement (accessed: 8 August 2022).
United Nations, ‘Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 March 2022, A/RES/ ES-11/1’, New York, 2 March 2022, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3965290 (accessed: 8 August 2022).
US Department of State, ‘US-Ukraine Charter on Strategic Partnership’, Washington DC, 10 November 2022, https://www.state.gov/u-s-ukraine-charter-on-strategic-partnership/ (accessed: 8 August 2022).
Materials
Pew Research Center, ‘Americans’ Concerns About War in Ukraine: Wider Conflict, Possible US-Russia Clash’, 10 May 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/05/10/ameri- cans-concerns-about-war-in-ukraine-wider-conflict-possible-u-s-russia-clash/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
The White House, ‘FACT SHEET: The Biden Administration Announces New Humanitarian, Development, and Democracy Assistance to Ukraine and the Surrounding Region’, 24 March 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/24/ fact-sheet-the-biden-administration-announces-new-humanitarian-development-and-democracy-assistance-to-ukraine-and-the-surrounding-region/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
The White House, ‘FACT SHEET: White House Calls on Congress to Provide Additional Support for Ukraine’, 28 Apr. 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/state- ments-releases/2022/04/28/fact-sheet-white-house-calls-on-congress-to-provide-additional-support-for-ukraine/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
The White House, ‘Remarks by President Biden on Russia’s Unprovoked and Unjustified Attack on Ukraine’, 24 February 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/24/remarks-by-president-biden-on-russias-unprovoked-and-unjustified-attack-on-ukraine/ (accessed: 8 Aug. 2022).
The White House, ‘Remarks by President Biden on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine’, 26 March 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/03/26/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-united-efforts-of-the-free-world-to-support-the-people-of-ukraine/ (accessed: 8 Aug. 2022).
UNHCR, ‘Ukraine Refugee Situation’, 27 July 2022, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ ukraine#_ga=2.29159420.1164648425.1654871881-2130049685.1651174834 (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
US Department of Defense, ‘FACT SHEET: US Defense Contributions to Europe’, 29 June 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3078056/fact-sheet-us-defense-contributions-to-europe/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
US Department of Defense, ‘Opening Remarks by Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III at the Fourth Ukraine Defense Contact Group (As Delivered)’, 20 July 2022, https://www. defense.gov/News/Speeches/Speech/Article/3098918/opening-remarks-by-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-at-the-fourth-ukrain/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
US Department of State, ‘Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Secretary Lloyd Austin Remarks to Traveling Press’, 25 Apr. 2022, https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-secretary-lloyd-austin-remarks-to-traveling-press/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
US Department of State, ‘United with Ukraine. Sanctions’, https://www.state.gov/united- with-ukraine/#sanctions (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
US Department of State, ‘US Security Cooperation with Ukraine’, Washington DC, 22 July 2022, https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-ukraine/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Interviews
Interview with Ambassador Steven Pifer, Brookings Institution, Washington DC, 29 Apr. 2022.
Interview with Pierre Morcos, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 11 May 2022.
Interview with Professor Charles L. Glaser, George Washington University, Washington DC, 25 Apr. 2022.
Interview with Professor Cynthia Roberts, Columbia University, New York, 13 May 2022.
Interview with Professor James Goldgeier, American University, Washington DC, 16 May 2022.
Interview with Professor James H. Lebovic, George Washington University, Washington DC, 11 May 2022.
Interview with Professor Julie George, Columbia University, New York, 23 May 2022.
Interview with Professor Kimberly J. Morgan, George Washington University, Washington DC, 10 May 2022.
Interview with Professor Michael Doyle, Columbia University, New York, 27 Apr. 2022.
Interview with Professor Richard K. Betts, Columbia University, New York, 28 Apr. 2022.
Interview with Professor Sharon L. Wolchik, George Washington University, Washington DC, 18 May 2022.
Interview with Professor Stephen Biddle, Columbia University, New York, 5 May 2022.
Press
Detsch J., ‘Biden Is Still Worried About Poking the Russian Bear’, Foreign Policy (8 June 2022), https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/08/us-russia-war-ukraine-military-defense/ (accessed: 12 Aug. 2022).
Durkee A., ‘Americans Overwhelmingly Don’t Want US To Risk War With Russia In Aiding Ukraine, Poll Finds’, Forbes, 16 March 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2022/03/16/americans-overwhelmingly-dont-want-us-to-risk-war-with-russia-in-aiding-ukraine-poll-finds/?sh=634e12757622 (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Hudson J., Stern D.L., Sonmez F., Shammas B., ‘Biden says Bucha killings a ‘war crime,’ seeks new Russia sanctions’, The Washington Post, 4 Apr. 2022 https://www.washingtonpost.com/ national-security/2022/04/04/bucha-biden-sanctions-russia-ukraine/ (accessed: 12 Aug. 2022).
Wright R., ‘Ukraine is now Americas war too’, The New Yorker, (1 May 2022), https://www. newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/ukraine-is-now-americas-war-too (accessed: 12 Aug. 2022).
Expertise
Burke L., Strouboulis A., Nzuki C., Yayboke E., ‘Ukrainian Refugees Forced Displacement Response Goes Fully Digital’, CSIS, 23 June 2022, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws. com/s3fs-public/publication/220623_Burke_Displacement_Response.pdf?vsQvHq CVnEPU9UY9dZ4GGM1qEx2GLkzL (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Congressional Research Service, ‘Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and US Policy’, 5 Oct. 2021, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R45008.pdf (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Cordesman A.H., ‘NATO and Ukraine: Reshaping NATO to Meet the Russian and Chinese Challenge’, CSIS, 16 Feb. 2022, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/ publication/220216_Cordesman_NATO_Ukraine.pdf?cS8vKRNOdoYvg3t_y6QMZMS CpadAo90a (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Coşkun A., ‘Making the New US-Turkey Strategic Mechanism Meaningful’, Carnegie Endowment, 12 May 2022, https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/05/12/making-new-US-turkey-strategic-mechanism-meaningful-pub-87117 (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Dickinson P., ‘Goodwill gestures and de-Nazification: Decoding Putin’s Ukraine War lexicon’, Atlantic Council, 30 June 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/good- will-gestures-and-de-nazification-decoding-putins-ukraine-war-lexicon/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Graham T., ‘NATO Countries Signal Resolve at Summit: What Does It Mean for Russia?’, CFR, 30 June 2022, https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/nato-countries-signal-resolve-summit-what-does-it-mean-russia (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Hodges B., ‘Defending US Allies and Interests Against Russian Aggression in Eastern Europe’, 17 February 2022, https://cepa.org/defending-us-allies-and-interests-against-russian-aggression-in-eastern-europe/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Hooker R.D., ‘A no-fly zone over Ukraine? The case for NATO doing it’, Atlantic Council, 18 March 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/a-no-fly-zone-over-ukraine-the-case-for-nato-doing-it/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Hooker, R.D., ‘Ukraine can win’, Atlantic Council, 20 July 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil. org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukraine-can-win/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Johnson D., ‘What Better Way to Use the Arsenal of Democracy?’, RAND Corporation, 28 June 2022, https://www.rand.org/blog/2022/06/what-better-way-to-use-the-arsenal-of-democracy.html (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Kalb M., Aaron H.J., ‘Is time on Ukraine’s side?’, Brookings Institution, 10 June 2022, https:// www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2022/06/10/is-time-on-ukraines-side/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Masters J., ‘Why NATO Has Become a Flash Point With Russia in Ukraine’, CFR, 20 January 2022, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-nato-has-become-flash-point-russia-ukraine (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
O’Toole B., Fried D., ‘Sanctioning Russia is a long game. Here’s how to win’, Atlantic Council, 24 June 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/sanctioning-russia-is-a-long-game-heres-how-to-win/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Peleschuk D., ‘Ukraine’s defense minister: With the right weapons, ‘Russia can definitely be defeated’’, Atlantic Council, 19 July 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlan- ticist/ukraines-defense-minister-with-the-right-weapons-russia-can-definitely-be-defeated/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Sestanovich S., ‘Ukraine Should Wait on Cease-Fire Talks With Russia. Here’s Why’, CFR, 24 May 2022, https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/ukraine-should-wait-cease-fire-talks-russia-heres-why (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Taylor W.B., ‘The United States Speaks Clearly on Russia’s Ukraine War’, USIP, 3 June 2022, https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/06/united-states-speaks-clearly-russias-ukraine-war (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Toms B.C., ‘The West must take urgent steps to prevent Ukrainian economic collapse’, Atlantic Council, 18 July 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-west-must-take-urgent-steps-to-prevent-ukrainian-economic-collapse/ (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Studies
Alunaza H., Shafitri D.N., Ernianda A., Putri A., ‘Joe Biden Intervention In The Russian Invasion Effort Against Ukraine’, WIMAYA: Interdisciplinary Journal of International Affairs, (January-June 2022), vol. 3, no. 1.
Apeldoorn B. van, Graaff N. de, American Grand Strategy and Corporate Elite Networks. The Open Door since the End of the Cold War, New York, 2016.
Burns W.J., The Back Channel: A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal, New York, 2019.
Duda R., ‘Czy Zachód wspiera Ukrainę?’, Komentarze IEŚW, 10 (2018), no. 59.
Duda R., ‘Does the United States support Ukraine?’, Безпека та партнерство. Інформаційно-налітичний бюлетень (2019), no. 1 (17).
Kacprzyk A., ‘The European Deterrence Initiative: Record and Perspectives’, PISM Bulletin, (4 June 2020), no. 118 (1548), https://pism.pl/publications/The_European_Deterrence_Initiative_Record_and_Perspectives (accessed: 10 Aug. 2022).
Larsen J.A., ‘NATO’s responses to Russian belligerence: an overview’, in: NATO and Collective Defence in the 21st Century. An Assessment of the Warsaw Summit, ed. K. Friis (New York, 2017).
Ringsmose J., Rynning S., ‘Can NATO’s new Very High Readiness Joint Task Force deter?’, in: NATO and Collective Defence in the 21st Century. An Assessment of the Warsaw Summit, ed. K. Friis (New York, 2017).
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 159
Liczba cytowań: 0
