Why do translators say more than authors do? On explicitation in translation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/RP.2020.009Keywords
explicitation, addition, textual amplification, specification, translationAbstract
The aim of the present paper is to discuss the causes of explicitation. This shift is one of the most frequently researched phenomena in Translation Studies. It has attracted unprecedented interest among translation scholars, giving rise to studies in a variety of language combinations, modes of translation, and text types. Paradoxically, it seems to be the widespread interest explicitation has generated in the Translation Studies community that has led to conceptual inconsistencies and major discrepancies in the perception of this phenomenon, both in terms of its scope and the underlying causes. In the first part of this paper the author delimits the notion of explicitation providing abundant exemplification of both the shifts that should be considered as explicitation proper and the shifts that – despite their capacity to make translated texts more explicit – are not cases of explicitation. In the subsequent part the author discusses different approaches to explicitation in which this translational shift is attributed to a variety of causes: the translator’s cognitive processes, metaphorical mapping, risk aversion, striving for optimal relevance of the message, and translational norms. At a different level the type and extent of explicitation also depend on idiosyncratic preferences of translators and source-text features. The author concludes that the long-standing dispute in the Translation Studies community concerning the cause of explicitation is to a large extent unfounded as even within a single text explicitation might stem from a mixture of the above-mentioned reasons.References
Lodge D., 1965, The British Museum is falling down, London.
Lodge D., 1999, British Museum w posadach drży, tłum. P. Znaniecki, Poznań.
Lodge D., 2008a, Deaf sentence, London.
Lodge D., 2008b, Skazani na ciszę, tłum. J. Kozłowski, Poznań.
Lodge D., 2010, La vida en sordina, tłum. J. Zulaika, Barcelona.
Marias J., 1992, Corazon tan blanco, Barcelona.
Marias J., 1995, A heart so white, tłum. M. Jull Costa, London.
Mendoza E., 2011, Trzy żywoty świętych, tłum. M. Chrobak, Kraków.
Mendoza E., 2012, Tres vidas de santos, Barcelona [wyd. Kindle].
Tokarczuk O., 2007, Bieguni, Kraków.
Tokarczuk O., 2017, Flights, tłum. J. Croft, London.
Tokarczuk O., 2019, Los errantes, tłum. A. Orzeszek-Sujak, Barcelona [wyd. Kindle].
Baker M., 1993, Corpus linguistics and translation studies. Implications and applications, [w:] Text and technology. In honour of John Sinclair, M. Baker, G. Francis, E. Tognini-Bonelli (red.), Amsterdam–Philadelphia, s. 233–250.
Bakti M., 2017, Explicitation in sight-translating into Hungarian texts, [w:] Interdisciplinary encounters. Dimensions of interpreting studies, A. Łyda, K. Holewik (red.), Katowice, s. 160–173.
Becher V., 2010, Abandoning the notion of „translation-inherent” explicitation. Against the dogma of translation studies, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 11(1), s. 1–28.
Blum-Kulka S., 1986, Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation, [w:] Interlingual and intercultural communication. Discourse and cognition in translation and second language acquisition studies, J. House, S. Blum-Kulka (red.),Tubingen, s. 17–35.
Borodo M., 2016, Children’s fiction, translation and explicitation. The case of Janusz Korczak’s 1933 classic ‘Kaytek the Wizard’ in English translation, [w:] Pod pretekstem słów. Księga jubileuszowa dla Profesora Wojciecha Kubińskiego, P. Gorszczyńska, W. Karwacka (red.), Gdańsk, s. 398–414.
Brzozowski J., 2011, Stanąć po stronie tłumacza. Zarys poetyki opisowej przekładu, Kraków.
da Silva I. A. L., Pagano A. S., 2017, Cognitive effort and explicitation in translation tasks, [w:] Empirical modelling of translation and interpreting, S. Hansen-Schirra, O. Czulo, S. Hofmann (red.), Berlin, s. 155–175.
Data-Bukowska E., 2010, Eksplicytacja jako uniwersalium translatorskie. Na przykładzie tłumaczeń szwedzko-polskich, „Acta Sueco-Polonica”, 16, s. 91–112.
Data-Bukowska E., 2016, Eksplicytacja w nieprofesjonalnym przekładzie szwedzko-polskim. Perspektywa kognitywna, Kraków.
Englund Dimitrova B., 1993, Semantic change in translation. A cognitive perspective, [w:] Translation and knowledge, Y. Gambier, J. Tommola (red.), Turku, s. 285–296.
Englund Dimitrova B., 2005, Expertise and explicitation in the translation process, Amsterdam–Philadelphia.
Fu R., Chen J., 2019, Negotiating interpersonal relations in Chinese-English diplomatic interpreting. Explicitation of modality as a case in point, „Interpreting”, 21(1), s. 12–35.
Gumul E., 2006a, Explicitation in simultaneous interpreting. A strategy or a by-product of language mediation?, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 7(2), s. 171–190.
Gumul E., 2006b, Eksplicytacja a komunikatywność tekstu przekładu, [w:] Przekład jako komunikat, P. Fast, W. Osadnik (red.), Katowice, s. 19–37.
Gumul E., 2008, Explicitation in simultaneous interpreting. The quest for optimal relevance?, [w:] Relevant worlds. Current perspectives on language, translation and relevance theory, E. Wałaszewska, M. Kisielewska- Krysiuk, A. Korzeniowska, M. Grzegorzewska (red.), Cambridge, s. 188–205.
Gumul E., 2017, Explicitation in simultaneous interpreting. A study into explicitating behaviour of trainee interpreters, Katowice.
Gumul E., 2019, O metodzie protokołów retrospektywnych w badaniach nad tłumaczeniem symultanicznym, „Rocznik przekładoznawczy. Studia nad teorią, praktyką i dydaktyką przekładu”, 14, s. 171–192.
Gumul E., w druku, Explicitation and interpreting quality. Reporting interpreting goals in trainee interpreters’ retrospective protocols, [w:] Solving the riddle of interpreting quality. Dimensions and challenges, R. Barranco-Droege (red.), Granada.
Hejwowski K., 2015, Iluzja przekładu, Katowice.
Heltai P., 2005, Explicitation, redundancy, ellipsis and translation, [w:] New trends in translation studies. In honour of Kinga Klaudy, K. Karoly, A. Foris (red.), Budapest, s. 45–74.
Hjort-Pedersen M., Faber S., 2010, Explicitation and implicitation in legal translation. A process study of trainee translators, „Meta”, 55(2), s. 237–250.
Hopkinson C., 2008, Shifts of explicitness in translation. A Czech–English study, Ostrava.
House J., 2008, Beyond intervention. Universals in translation?, „Trans-kom. Journal of Translation and Technical Communication Research”, 1(1), s. 6–19.
Jimenez-Crespo M. A., 2011, The future of general tendencies in translation. Explicitation in web translation, „Target”, 23(1), s. 3–25.
Kamenicka R., 2008, Explicitation profile and translator style, [w:] Translation research projects 1, A. Pym, A. Perekrestenko (red.), Tarragona, s. 117–130.
Kajzer-Wietrzny M., 2012, Interpreting universals and interpreting style, niepubl. praca doktorska, Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.
Klaudy K., 1993, On explicitation hypothesis, [w:] Transferre necesse est… Current issues of translation theory, K. Klaudy, J. Kohn (red.), Szombathely, s. 69–79.
Klaudy K., 1996, Back-translation as a tool for detecting explicitation strategies in translation, [w:] Translation studies in Hungary, K. Klaudy, J. Lambert, A. Sohar (red.), Budapest, s. 99–114.
Klaudy K., 1998/2011, Explicitation, [w:] Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies, M. Baker, G. Saldanha (red.), Londyn, s. 104–108.
Klaudy K., Karoly K., 2005, Implicitation in translation. Empirical evidence for operational asymmetry in translation, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 6(1), s. 13–28.
Konšalova P., 2007, Explicitation as a universal in syntactic de/condensation, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 8(1), s. 17–32.
Kreisberg A., 2014, Wykładniki nieokreśloności w językach słowiańskich bez rodzajnika, [w:] Contributi italiani al XIII Congresso Internazionale degli Slavisti, A. Alberti, M. Garzaniti, S. Garzonio (red.), Florencja, s. 109–130.
Laviosa S., 2011, Universals, [w:] Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies, M. Baker, G. Saldanha (red.), London, s. 306–310.
Lukszyn J. (red.), 1993, Tezaurus terminologii translatorycznej, Warszawa.
Murtisari E. T., 2013, A relevance-based framework for explicitation and implicitation in translation. An alternative typology, „Trans-kom. Journal of Translation and Technical Communication Research”, 6(2), s. 315–344.
Murtisari E. T., 2016, Explicitation in translation studies. The journey of an elusive concept, „Translation & Interpreting. The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research”, 8(2), s. 64–81.
Nilsson P.-O., 2002, An assessment of the translation-specificity of over-represented multi-word patterns in Swedish fiction texts translated from English, „Linguistica Antverpiensia”, 1, s. 407–417.
Olohan M., Baker M., 2000, Reporting ‘that’ in translated English. Evidence for subconscious processes of explicitation?, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 1(2), s. 141–158.
Overas L., 1998, In search of the Third Code. An investigation of norms in literary translation, „Meta”, 43(4), s. 571–588.
Perego E., 2003, Evidence of explicitation in subtitling. Towards a categorisation, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 4(1), s. 63–88.
Puurtinen T., 2000, Translating linguistic markers of ideology, [w:] Translation in context, A. Chesterman, N. Gallardo San Salvador, Y. Gambier (red.), Amsterdam–Philadelphia, s. 177–186.
Puurtinen T., 2003, Explicitating and implicitating source text ideology, „Across Languages and Cultures. A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies”, 4(1), s. 53–62.
Pym A., 2005, Explaining explicitation, [w:] New trends in translation studies. In honour of Kinga Klaudy, K. Karoly, A. Foris (red.), Budapest, s. 29–43.
Saldanha G., 2008, Explicitation revisited. Bringing the reader into the picture, „Trans-kom”, 1(1), s. 20–35.
Seguinot C., 1988, Pragmatics and the explicitation hypothesis, „TTR Traduction, Terminologie, Redaction”, 1(2), s. 106–114.
Steiner E., 2001, Translations English–German: Investigating the relative importance of systemic contrasts and of the text-type ‘translation’, [w:] Papers from the 2000 Symposium on Information Structures Across Languages. SPRIKReports No. 7. Reports of the project Languages in Contrast, Oslo, s. 1–48.
Tang F., 2018, Explicitation in consecutive interpreting, Amsterdam–Philadelphia.
Vehmas-Lehto I., 2001, Explicitation as a translation strategy, [w:] Mission, vision, strategies, and values. A celebration of translator training and translation studies in Kouvola, P. Kukkonen, R. Hartama-Heinonen (red.), Helsinki, s. 221–229.
Weissbrod R., 1992, Explicitation in translation of prose-fiction from English to Hebrew as a function of norms, „Multilingua”, 11(2), s. 153–171.
Whittaker S., 2004, Etude contrastive des syntagmes nominaux demonstratifs dans des textes traduits du francais en norvegien et des textes sources norvegiens. Strategie de traduction ou translationese?, „Forum”, 2(2), s. 221–240.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1128
Number of citations: 0
