A citizen-soldier of the Roman Republic: Beyond the literary creation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/KLIO.2021.011Słowa kluczowe
Roman Republic, Roman soldier, military discipline, social disciplineAbstrakt
The main aim of the article is to draw attention to the distortion of Republican Roman soldiers’ image. Some modern scholars treat the ‘ideal type’ as a reflection of reality and attribute to legionaries the features desired by representatives of the social elite. Meanwhile, it seems that less wealthy citizens created their own vision of the qualities that a Roman soldier should have. This leads to the question of whether the officers and their subordinates had the same understanding of obedience and discipline.
Bibliografia
Adcock F.E., The Roman Art of War under the Republic, Cambridge 1940.
Aubert J.-J., A Double Standard in Roman Criminal Law? The Death Penalty and Social Structure in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome, „Speculum Iuris” 2002, Vol. 4, 94–133.
Black J., Rethinking Military History, London–New York 2004.
Bourke J., New Military History, in Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History, eds. M. Hughes, W.J. Philpott, New York 2006, 258–280.
Brand C.E., Roman Military Law, Austin 1968.
Campbell J.B., The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC–AD 235, Oxford 1984.
Cassola F., Lo scontro fra patrizi e plebei e la formazione della «nobilitas», in Storia Einaudi dei Greci e dei Romani, Vol. 13. Roma in Italia. Le popolazioni dell’Italia antica e la nascita di Roma, dir. A. Momigliano, A. Schiavone, Torino 1988, 451–481.
Chambers II J.W., The New Military History: Myth and Reality, „The Journal of Military History” 1991, Vol. 55, No. 3, 395–406.
Chrissanthos S.G., Freedom of Speech and the Roman Republican Army, in Free Speech in Classical Antiquity, eds. I. Sluiter, R. Rosen, Leiden 2004, 341–367.
Chrissanthos S.G., Keeping Military Discipline, in The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World, eds. J.B. Campbell, L.A. Tritle, Oxford 2014, 320–328.
Clemente G., Democracy without the people: the impossible dream of the Roman oligarchs (and of some modern scholars), „Quaderni di storia” 2018, Vol. 87, 87–119.
Cornell T.J., The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC), London–New York 1995.
Cowan R., For the Glory of Rome: A History of Warriors and Warfare, London 2007.
D’Amato R., Roman Centurions 753–31 BC. The Kingdom and the Age of Consuls, Oxford 2011.
de Blois L., Volk und Soldaten bei Cassius Dio, in Aufstieg und Niedergand der römischen Welt, Bd. 2.34.3, Hrsg. H. Temporini, Berlin–New York 1977, 2650–2676.
Diedrich S., Römische Agrarhandbucher zwischen Fachwissenschaft, Literatur und Ideologie, Berlin 2007.
Dupont F., La vita quotidiana nella Roma repubblicana, trad. R. Cincotta, Roma–Bari 2000.
Dyck A.R., A Commentary on Cicero, De legibus, Ann Arbor 2004.
Eck W., Herrschaftssicherung und Expansion: das römische Heer unter Augustus, in Studi su Augusto. In occasione del XX centenario della morte, cur. G. Negri, A. Valvo, Torino 2016, 77–93.
Eisenhut W., Virtus Romana: ihre Stellung im römischen Wertsystem, München 1973.
Evans R.J., Displaying honourable scars: a Roman gimmick, „Acta Classica” 1999, Vol. 42, 77–94.
Faszcza M.N., Bunty w późnorepublikańskich armiach rzymskich (88–30 przed Chr.), Oświęcim 2017.
Flaig E., Entscheidung und Konsensus. Zu den Feldern der politischen Kommunikation zwischen Aristokratie und Plebs, in Demokratie in Rom? Die Rolle des Volkes in der Politik der Römischen Republik, Hrsg. M. Jehne, Stuttgart 1995, 77–127.
Flaig E., Ritualisierte Politik: Zeichen, Gesten und Herrschaft im alten Rom, Göttingen 2003.
Garlan Y., War in the Ancient World: A Social History, trans. J. Lloyd, London 1975.
Garnsey P., Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire, Oxford 1970.
Gilliver K., The Augustan Reform and the Structure of the Imperial Army, in A Companion to the Roman Army, ed. P. Erdkamp, Malden–Oxford–Carlton 2007, 183–200.
Goldsworthy A.K., The Roman Army at War 100 BC–AD 200, Oxford 1996.
Harmand J., L’armée et le soldat à Rome : de 107 à 50 avant notre ère, Paris 1967.
Harris W.V., War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327–70 B.C., Oxford 1979.
Harrison D., Cassius Dio as a Military Historian, „Acta Classica” 1977, Vol. 20, 159–165.
Horsfall N., The Cultural Horizons of the Plebs Romana, „Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome” 1996, Vol. 41, 101–119.
Horsfall N., The Culture of the Roman Plebs, London 2003.
James S., Rome & the Sword: How Warriors & Weapons Shaped Roman History, London 2011.
James S., Writing the Legions: the Development and Future of Roman Military Studies in Britain, „Archeological Journal” 2002, Vol. 159, 1–58.
Keaveney A., The Army in the Roman Revolution, London–New York 2007.
Leigh M., Wounding and Popular Rhetoric at Rome, „Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies” 1995, Vol. 40, No. 1, 195–212.
Lendon J.E., Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity, New Haven–London 2005.
Lendon J.E., The Rhetoric of Combat: Greek Military Theory and Roman Culture in Julius Caesar’s Battle Descriptions, „Classical Antiquity” 1999, Vol. 18, No. 2, 273–329.
MacMullen R., Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge 1953.
MacMullen R., The Legion as a Society, „Historia” 1984, Bd. 33, H. 4, 440–456.
McDonnell M., Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic, Cambridge 2006.
Meier Ch., Res Publica Amissa. Eine Studie zu Verfassung und Geschichte der späten römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1966.
Messer W.S., Mutiny in the Roman Army. The Republic, „Classical Philology” 1920, Vol. 15, No. 2, 158–175.
Millar F., The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic, Ann Arbor 1998.
Millar F., The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151 B.C., „The Journal of Roman Studies” 1984, Vol. 74, 1–19.
Nicolet C., Il cittadino, il politico, in L’uomo romano, cur. A. Giardina, Roma–Bari 1989, 3-44.
Nicolet C., Rome et la conquête du monde méditerranéen, T. 1. Les structures de l’Italie romaine10, Paris 2001.
Nicolet C., The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome, trans. P.S. Falla, Berkeley–Los Angeles 1980.
Oakley S.P., Single Combat in the Roman Republic, „The Classical Quarterly” 1985, Vol. 35, No. 2, 392–410.
Phang S.E., Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate, Cambridge 2008.
Pina Polo F., Die nützliche Erinnerung: Geschichtsschreibung, “mos maiorum” und die römische Identität, „Historia” 2004, Bd. 53, H. 2, 147–172.
Pina Polo F., Procedures and Functions of Civil and Military contiones in Rome, „Klio” 1995, Bd. 77, 203–216.
Raaflaub K.A., The Political Significance of Augustus‘ Military Reforms, in Roman Frontier Studies 1979, Vol. III, eds. W.S. Hanson, L.F.J. Keppie, Oxford 1980, 1005–1025.
Rich J., Fear, greed and glory: the causes of Roman war-making in the middle Republic, in War and Society in the Roman World, eds. J. Rich, G. Shipley, London–New York 1993, 38–66.
Riggsby A.M., Roman Law and the Legal World of the Romans, Cambridge 2010.
Rosillo-López C., Popular Public Opinion in a Nutshell: Nicknames and Non-Elite Political Culture in the Late Republic, in Popular Culture in the Ancient World, ed. L. Grig, Cambridge 2017, 91–106.
Schiavone A., Pensiero giuridico e razionalità aristocratica, in Storia Einaudi dei Greci e dei Romani, Vol. 14. La repubblica imperiale, dir. A. Momigliano, A. Schiavone, Torino 1990, 415–478.
Speidel M.A., Heer und Herrschaft im Römischen Reich der Hohen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 2009.
Veyne P., Le pain et le cirque. Sociologie historique d’un pluralisme politique, Paris 1976.
Williamson C., The Laws of Roman People: Public Law in the Expansion and Decline of the Republic, Ann Arbor 2008.
Yakobson A., Political Culture and the People’s Role in the Roman Republic, „Historia” 2010, Bd. 59, H. 3, 282–302.
Ziółkowski A., Łupy wojenne Rzymian III–I w. p.n.e. Pochodzenie, podział, sposoby wykorzystania, Warszawa 1980 (unpublished diss.).
Ziolkowski A., Storia di Roma2, Milano–Torino 2010.
Ziółkowski, A., Urbs direpta. Los miasta zdobytego przez Rzymian w okresie wielkich podbojów, in Świat antyczny. Stosunki społeczne. Ideologia i polityka. Religia, red. B. Bravo, J. Kolendo, W. Lengauer, Warszawa 1988, 87–116.
Ziolkowski A., Urbs direpta, or how the Romans sacked cities, in War and Society in the Roman World, eds. J. Rich, G. Shipley, London–New York 1993, 69–91.
Ziolkowski M., Il culto della Disciplina nelle religione dell’esercito Romano, „Rivisita storica dell’Antichità” 1990, Vol. 20, 97–107.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2021 Michał Norbert Faszcza
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 504
Liczba cytowań: 0
