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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Botox or the new face of the fight against depression - literature review
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Botox or the new face of the fight against depression - literature review

Authors

  • Martyna Nowińska Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8167-698X
  • Magdalena Kozyra Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-4102
  • Przemysław Raczkiewicz Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4986-4833
  • Marlena Kaczerska Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1534-4258
  • Natalia Śmiech Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-7969
  • Joanna Milanowska Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.08.028

Keywords

botulinum toxin, depression, treatment,

Abstract

Introduction: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder leading to high burden especially for some other psychiatric comorbidity. Annually over 43 billion dollars are expended for patients with depression among them 28% are directly for depression and other costs are related to mortality and morbidity due to depression.

The aim of the study: Paying attention to new options for treating depression – a disease that affects more and more people.

Material and method: The research was done by the usage of the PubMed and Google Scholar articles about the topic of: botulinum toxin; depression; treatment.

Description of the state of knowledge: Injecting Botox into the muscles responsible for expression of anguish or sadness may potentially decrease the patients experience of feelings. Botox reversibly blocks acetylcholine release from neuronal axons into the synapse, inhibiting neuromuscular transmission. If the facial feedback hypothesis is correct, by injecting Botox into the corrugator and procerus muscles, it will reversibly inhibit frown facial expressions and have the capability of propagating or enhancing sad and depressed feelings.

Summary: The results from all randomized control trials proved that botulinum toxin A injection in the glabellar region was associated with significant improvement mood and may be a safe and effective treatment to reduce symptoms of depression.

References

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Magid M, Reichenberg JS, Poth PE, et al. Treatment of major depressive disorder using botulinum toxin A: A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014; 75(8): 837-844.

Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.

Reus VI. Mental Disorders. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.

Nigam, P., Nigam, A. (2010). Botulinum toxin. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 55(1), 8–14.

Tremaine, A. M., McCullough, J. L. (2010). Botulinum toxin type A for the management of glabellar rhytids. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 3, 15–23.

Ascher, B., Zakine, B., Kestemont, P., Baspeyras, M., Bougara, A., Santini, J. (2004). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of 3 doses of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 51(2), 223–233.

Coles, N.A., Larsen, J., Kuribayashi, J., & Kuelz, A. (2019). Does Blocking Facial Feedback Via Botulinum Toxin Injections Decrease Depression? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis. Emotion Review, 11, 294 - 309.

Kedlaya, D. (2014). Botulinum Toxin. Emedicine. medscape. com/article, 325451.

Carruthers, J. D., & Carruthers, J. A. (1992). Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum‐A exotoxin. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology, 18(1), 17-21.

Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (London: J. Murray). Original work published.

Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Emotion and facial efference: A theory reclaimed. Science, 228(4695), 15-21.

Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial Action Coding System: a technique for the measurement of facial movement. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1978.

Izard, C. E. (1990). Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(3), 487.

McIntosh, D. N. (1996). Facial feedback hypotheses: Evidence, implications, and directions. Motivation and emotion, 20(2), 121-147.

Schwartz, G. E., Fair, P. L., Salt, P., Mandel, M. R., & Klerman, G. L. (1976). Facial muscle patterning to affective imagery in depressed and nondepressed subjects. Science, 192(4238), 489-491.

Hennenlotter, A., Dresel, C., Castrop, F., Ceballos-Baumann, A. O., Wohlschläger, A. M., & Haslinger, B. (2009). The link between facial feedback and neural activity within central circuitries of emotion—New insights from Botulinum toxin–induced denervation of frown muscles. Cerebral Cortex, 19(3), 537-542.

Burstein, R., & Potrebic, S. (1993). Retrograde labeling of neurons in the spinal cord that project directly to the amygdala or the orbital cortex in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 335(4), 469-485.

Malick, A., & Burstein, R. (1998). Cells of origin of the trigeminohypothalamic tract in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 400(1), 125-144.

Burstein, R., & Giesler Jr, G. J. (1989). Retrograde labeling of neurons in spinal cord that project directly to nucleus accumbens or the septal nuclei in the rat. Brain research, 497(1), 149-154.

Burstein, R., Dado, R. J., & Giesler Jr, G. J. (1990). The cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract of the rat: a quantitative reexamination. Brain research, 511(2), 329-337.

Finzi, E. (2013). The face of emotion: How Botox affects our moods and relationships. St. Martin's Press.

Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(5), 768.

Khademi, M., Roohaninasab, M., Goodarzi, A., Seirafianpour, F., Dodangeh, M., & Khademi, A. (2021). The healing effects of facial BOTOX injection on symptoms of depression alongside its effects on beauty preservation. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 20(5), 1411–1415.

Carter, Bradin T., "Is Botox A Safe And Effective Treatment To Reduce Symptoms Of Depression?" (2017). PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship. 404.

Zamanian, A., Ghanbari Jolfaei, A., Mehran, G., & Azizian, Z. (2017). Efficacy of Botox versus Placebo for Treatment of Patients with Major Depression. Iranian journal of public health, 46(7), 982– 984.

Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). The effects of BOTOX injections on emotional experience. Emotion, 10(3), 433.

Sommer, B., Zschocke, I., Bergfeld, D., Sattler, G., & Augustin, M. (2003). Satisfaction of patients after treatment with botulinum toxin for dynamic facial lines. Dermatologic surgery, 29(5), 456-460.

Lewis, M. B., & Bowler, P. J. (2009). Botulinum toxin cosmetic therapy correlates with a more positive mood. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 8(1), 24-26.

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Published

2021-08-21

How to Cite

1.
NOWIŃSKA, Martyna, KOZYRA, Magdalena, RACZKIEWICZ, Przemysław, KACZERSKA, Marlena, ŚMIECH, Natalia & MILANOWSKA, Joanna. Botox or the new face of the fight against depression - literature review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport [online]. 21 August 2021, T. 11, nr 8, s. 268–275. [accessed 31.3.2023]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.08.028.
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Vol. 11 No. 8 (2021)

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Review Articles

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