Visual Article Details Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 is a Humanistic Journal with an international reach, published in line with top standards applicable in scientific journals. Each issue contains original and review papers, and case reports of different specialties associated with Multidisciplinary Education Sections: Physical Culture Sciences; Health Sciences; Medical Sciences; Pedagogy; Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management; Earth and Environmental Sciences; Cultural and Religious Sciences; Proceeding; Book of Abstracts, is a double anonymized scientific published by the University Center for Sports Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland. Manuscripts Preparation. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2025; eISSN2391-8306. In order to facilitate publication, the authors are kindly requested to submit texts written according to the rules presented below. Template How to prepare an Article for the Journal of Education, Health and Sport.docx How to prepare an Article for the Journal of Education, Health and Sport.pdf Journal of Education, Health and Sport is: a Humanistic Journal with a Global International Reach. Our mission is to offer the worldwide scientific community a broad, fast and direct access to publish the latest results of the research areas that are developing rapidly and where there are changes with a high potential impact. All Articles submitted for publication will be peer-reviewed within 2-30 weeks. All accepted articles will be published online before appearing in the print journal within 2-30 weeks from acceptance. The journal has had 40 points in Minister of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Science and Higher Education of 05.01.2024 No. 32318. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical culture sciences / Nauki o kulturze fizycznej; Health sciences / Nauki o zdrowiu. Note: in the previous list from November 3, 2023: Sections: Physical Culture Sciences; Health Sciences; Medical Sciences; Pedagogy; Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management; Earth and Environmental Sciences; Cultural and Religious Sciences. Uwaga: na poprzednim wykazie z 3 listopada 2023 Dyscypliny: Nauki o Kulturze Fizycznej; Nauki o Zdrowiu; Nauki Medyczne; Geografia Społeczno-Ekonomiczna i Gospodarka Przestrzenna; Pedagogika; Nauki o Ziemi i Środowisku; Nauki o Kulturze i Religii. ERIH PLUS 2014-12-31 Journal of Education, Health and Sport formerly Journal of Health Sciences Approved 2015-06-29 Citations from Scopus 1141 documents found for Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 732 secondary documents found 732 Secondary documents Citations from Scopus for Journal of Education, Health and Sport. + from Scopus 1277 documents found for J Educ Health Sport. 773 secondary documents found 773 Citations from Scopus for J Educ Health Sport. 732+773=1505 Secondary documents Citations from Scopus for Journal of Education, Health and Sport. EBSCO Essentials <a href="https://essentials.ebsco.com/search/eds?query=%22Journal%20of%20Education%2C%20Health%20and%20Sport%22&limit=50&sort=date_asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-saferedirecturl="https://zasobygwp.pl/redirect?sig=e08af7423fdfd355d4fd245a2400ef7cac1289b549a11c57a7a7e1810a6b8449&url=aHR0cHM6Ly9lc3NlbnRpYWxzLmVic2NvLmNvbS9zZWFyY2gvZWRzP3F1ZXJ5PSUyMkpvdXJuYWwlMjBvZiUyMEVkdWNhdGlvbiUyQyUyMEhlYWx0aCUyMGFuZCUyMFNwb3J0JTIyJmxpbWl0PTUwJnNvcnQ9ZGF0ZV9hc2M=&platform=desktop&brand=wp">https://essentials.ebsco.com/search/eds?query=%22Journal%20of%20Education%2C%20Health%20and%20Sport%22&limit=50&sort=date_asc Frequency: First Semi-annually, Quarterly, Current is Monthly. Open access model. Accept Articles 43 %. Reject Articles 57 %. Days to First Editorial Decision 10-60. Days to Accept 15-210. Days to Reject 15-210. Formerly Journal of Health Sciences 2011-2014 Index Copernicus Archiwalne ISSN:1429-9623 eISSN: 2300-665X GICID:71.0000.1500.0665
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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The Impact of GLP-1 Analogues and Tirzepatide on Female Fertility: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Implications
Obesity impairs female fertility through metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory pathways that disrupt ovulation, reduce oocyte competence and impair endometrial receptivity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide have become highly effective therapies for weight management and metabolic optimisation, raising interest in their potential reproductive benefits. This narrative review synthesises current mechanistic and clinical evidence on how GLP-1 receptor agonists and tirzepatide may influence reproductive function in women of reproductive age. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for peer-reviewed human studies and major reviews published up to December 2025 that evaluated metabolic, endocrine or reproductive outcomes. Available evidence suggests that GLP-1 signalling may influence the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, adipokine pathways, oocyte mitochondrial function and endometrial gene expression. Clinical studies indicate that liraglutide and semaglutide improve body weight, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, leading to restoration of menstrual regularity and increased ovulation rates, with some reports of improved spontaneous conception and assisted reproduction outcomes. Tirzepatide provides greater metabolic benefits, although fertility-specific data remain limited. Overall, GLP-1–based therapies act primarily as metabolic optimisers that may secondarily enhance fertility, while evidence for direct reproductive effects and periconceptional safety remains insufficient.
Copyright (c) 2026 Klaudia Elżbieta Niwińska, Michał Borowski, Julia Aleksandra Leśniak, Natalia Maria Leśniak, Klaudia Martyna Patrzykąt, Anna Maria Zakrzewska, Kinga Popielarska, Julia Agnieszka Michalak, Monika Augustyn, Aleksander Midera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enzymatic method for determining in vivo the mineralizing efficiency of osteoprotective drugs
For screening osteoprotectors, it is proposed to investigate the mineralizing activity of rat bone tissue (femur, jaws, teeth) in which experimental osteoporosis was reproduced (stress, inadequate nutrition, dysmetabolic syndrome). It is proposed to determine the mineralizing activity by the ratio of alkaline (ALP) and acid (AP) phosphatase activity in bone tissue. It is proposed to determine in vivo the mineralizing efficiency of the drug by the percentage increase in mineralizing activity per dose of the drug in mg/kg of live weight. Of the three osteoprotectors studied (EkSoVit, quercetin and ascorbic acid), quercetin was the most effective, and ascorbic acid was the least effective.
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Levitsky, K. Pavlenko, I. Selivanska, A. Lapinska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Maternal Diabesity and Fetoplacental Dysfunction: Pathophysiological Pathways and Clinical Implications
Background. Maternal diabesity, defined as the coexistence of obesity and diabetes during pregnancy, is an increasingly prevalent metabolic condition associated with adverse maternal, placental, and fetal outcomes. Beyond hyperglycemia, it is characterized by chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, which impair placental development and function. The fetoplacental unit represents a critical interface through which maternal metabolic disturbances shape fetal growth and long-term health. Aim. To integrate current evidence on placental diabesity, focusing on key mechanisms linking maternal metabolic dysfunction to placental maladaptation and its clinical implications for pregnancy and offspring outcomes. Material and methods. This research was based on a literature review of PubMed and Web of Science articles published between 2010-2025. Peer-reviewed experimental, clinical and translational studies, meta-analyses were included and synthesized narratively. Description of knowledge. The available evidence indicates that maternal diabesity induces early and persistent fetoplacental dysfunction, characterized by impaired endothelial insulin signaling, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, enhanced oxidative and inflammatory stress, mitochondrial impairment, and activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. These interconnected alterations compromise placental blood flow, nutrient transport, and metabolic adaptability, thereby increasing fetal exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment and contributing to developmental programming of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Conclusions. Fetoplacental dysfunction is a key mechanism linking maternal diabesity to impaired fetal development and long-term offspring health. Understanding placental maladaptation in diabesity is essential for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies beyond glycaemic control to reduce intergenerational metabolic risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joanna Szydełko, Magdalena Szydełko-Gorzkowicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A New Hope in the Global Fight Against Obesity — Benefits and Health Risks
Introduction. Global obesity has reached unprecedented levels, with approximately one billion people worldwide suffering from obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have proven to be highly effective agents for weight management, resulting in significant weight loss and improvements in metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes. Nevertheless, serious concerns remain regarding long-term safety, including gallbladder disease, rare gastrointestinal complications, potential risk of pancreatitis, concerns related to perioperative aspiration, psychiatric symptoms, and significant weight regain after discontinuation of the drug. Research objective. This review synthesizes the current evidence on the benefits and risks of GLP-1 RA use, highlighting implications for clinical practice, long-term therapy, and future research priorities. Methodology. This review is based on a structured search of the PubMed database up to November 2025. Keywords included “GLP-1 receptor agonist,” “semaglutide,” “liraglutide,” “tirzepatide,” “obesity,” “weight loss,” “pancreatitis,” “gallbladder,” “body composition,” and “safety.” Priority was given to randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, large observational studies, and WHO technical documents on the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Articles were analyzed for their relevance to efficacy, safety, or body composition outcomes. Conclusions. GLP-1 inhibitors represent a major advance in obesity treatment, offering robust weight loss and metabolic benefits, but their use requires careful management of side effects and long-term risks. Ongoing research is needed to optimize therapy, address safety concerns, and ensure equitable access.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oskar Pastuszek, Konrad Borowski, Maja Radziwon, Emilia Bolesta-Okuniewska, Paweł Michalak, Aleksandra Marchwińska-Pancer, Katarzyna Kopeć, Julia Ceryn, Anna Wicher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Supplementation in Infertility: A Narrative Literature Review
Infertility is a significant global health issue. It can have profound medical, psychological, and social consequences. As medical understanding of reproductive health advances, numerous factors contributing to reduced fertility have been identified. In recent years, nutritional supplementation has gained increasing attention as a potential adjunct to standard infertility treatments. Research now investigates its roles in various biological and reproductive processes. To review current knowledge on the role, safety, and mechanisms of nutritional supplements in infertility treatment. We conducted a narrative review of scientific literature from 2012 to 2025. The search included PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and guidelines from scientific societies. Studies of low methodological quality were excluded. The strongest evidence supports folic acid supplementation, which acts as a methyl donor to improve oocyte quality and prevent neural tube defects. Myo-inositol demonstrated 85% effectiveness in restoring ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Coenzyme Q10 improves oocyte quality, especially in women over 35 years old. Antioxidants and minerals support sperm health by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing seminal parameters. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modify cell membrane fluidity to enhance sperm quality, particularly when the omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio is optimized. Probiotics may support treatment by promoting a healthy gut microbiota and lowering systemic oxidative stress. Nutritional supplementation is a promising supportive approach in infertility treatment. What is more, personalized supplementation based on metabolic and genetic profiles is a future direction. Supplements are generally safe at recommended doses; however, precautions against overdose and self-medication are essential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kinga Woźniak, Maciej Bieniek, Sandra Dachowska, Jan Haraj, Marcin Sobkowiak, Maria Namysł, Simon Matczak, Aleksandra Fałczyńska, Maria Wawrzyniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Paediatric Stroke: Diagnostic Strategies and Therapeutic Dillemas
Background. Paediatric arterial ischemic stroke is a potentially disabling neurological condition that remains underrecognized due to its rarity and atypical clinical presentation. Diagnosis in children is often delayed because of heterogeneous symptoms and differences in stroke mechanisms compared with adults. Despite advances in neuroimaging and acute reperfusion therapies, evidence-based paediatric-specific diagnostic and treatment strategies remain limited. Aim. This review aimed to summarise current evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of acute ischemic stroke in the paediatric population. Material and methods. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using structured searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinical guideline repositories. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 were included, comprising original studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and international clinical guidelines focusing on risk factors, clinical presentation, neuroimaging, acute treatment, and secondary prevention. Results. Paediatric stroke differs substantially from adult stroke in etiology, clinical features, and outcomes. The most common causes include cerebral arteriopathies, congenital heart disease, infections, and haematological disorders such as sickle cell disease. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic modality of choice, with diffusion-weighted imaging and vessel wall imaging improving diagnostic accuracy. Intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy may be feasible and relatively safe in selected paediatric patients; however, high-quality evidence remains limited. Conclusion. Paediatric ischemic stroke remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Delayed recognition and heterogeneous mechanisms continue to limit optimal management. Further studies are needed to develop evidence-based paediatric guidelines and improve acute and long-term outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Bieszczad, Magdalena Barczewska, Adam Mazurek, Kinga Popielarska, Marta Opalińska-Kubowicz, Zuzanna Musialska, Yuliia Prostenko, Marta Kowalska, Anna Marczak, Olga Stadnicka, Marzena Swójnóg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Placenta Accreta Spectrum: Diagnostic Standards, Guideline Concordance and Contemporary Management
Background. Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) encompasses abnormal placental implantation with pathological trophoblastic invasion of the myometrium and, in severe cases, adjacent organs. Rising cesarean delivery rates have increased PAS incidence, making it a major cause of severe obstetric hemorrhage and peripartum hysterectomy. Optimal outcomes depend on accurate prenatal diagnosis and coordinated multidisciplinary management. Aim. To synthesize contemporary evidence and guideline recommendations on PAS diagnosis, classification, and management, focusing on imaging standards, operative strategies, and models of care. Material and Methods. A narrative review was based on a targeted search of PubMed/MEDLINE and professional society resources conducted between January 2018 and November 2025. Priority was given to 8 major guideline documents and 5 systematic reviews/meta-analyses; additional observational studies were included for clinical and organizational context. Results. Guideline documents consistently recommend ultrasound as the first-line test for PAS, with MRI reserved for selected cases requiring additional anatomical detail. Planned cesarean hysterectomy without attempted placental removal remains the standard approach for most invasive PAS. Evidence for conservative management and interventional radiology (IR) adjuncts is inconclusive, and recommendations vary. Centralized care and multidisciplinary team management are repeatedly associated with improved maternal outcomes. Conclusions. PAS requires standardized diagnostic pathways and coordinated MDT care in specialized centers. Core recommendations align on early prenatal diagnosis (ultrasound with selective MRI) and planned cesarean hysterectomy for most invasive disease. Uncertainty persists for conservative strategies and IR adjuncts; ongoing prospective studies may inform future guideline updates and refine operative pathways, improving maternal safety and outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bartosz Palacz, Natalia Marianna Kubiś, Maria Magdalena Teper, Wiktor Perz , Aleksander Polus, Julia Anna Wrona , Anna Gluzicka, Liwia Olczyk , Jędrzej Piotrowski , Anhelina Korolchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Psychological and Legal Aspects of Treating Sexual Offenders with Pedophilic Disorder: A Clinical Case Report
Sexual offenses are among the most strongly condemned prohibited acts, and those whose victims are minors evoke particularly strong social outrage. Such crimes violate fundamental human rights, such as freedom and dignity, and cause serious physical and emotional consequences for the victims. Pedophilia is a psychosexual disorder classified as a paraphilia, characterized by persistent and intense sexual preferences toward children who have not yet reached puberty. From the perspective of psychology and law, pedophilia poses a serious threat to the safety and well-being of children; therefore, taking effective therapeutic and rehabilitative actions toward individuals with such tendencies is crucial. This article presents the case of a homosexual pedophile who underwent a comprehensive therapeutic and rehabilitative process in a closed institution. The process included cognitive-behavioral therapy, interventions aimed at changing cognitive schemas, and impulse control techniques. After completing therapy at the residential center, the patient continues outpatient treatment, which is an essential element of prevention and monitoring of risky behaviors. The case study allows for an analysis of the effectiveness of the applied therapeutic methods, their impact on controlling deviant behaviors, and potential challenges related to social reintegration of individuals after therapy. The article also discusses legal and ethical aspects of therapy and the dilemmas associated with the rehabilitation of perpetrators of sexual offenses against minors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paulina Bałdyga, Oliwia Froń, Aleksandra Jurczuk, Konrad Bagiński, Aleksandra Wilczyńska, Piotr Depta, Justyna Sołowiej https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Modern Methods of Connecting Bone Fragments - A Review of Techniques, Materials and Treatment Results
The aim of this paper is to review current and emerging methods of surgical treatment of long bone fractures. Particular attention is paid to features such as fixation stability, protection of the biological environment and the impact of new technologies. Classic techniques, such as locking plates and intramedullary nails, remain the standard, offering comparable treatment results with differences in the frequency of complications. MIPO reduces blood supply destabilization and preserves post-traumatic hematoma, reducing the number of complications. Rapidly developing methods such as 3D printing and robotic surgery enable precise planning and personalization of implants, leading to increased positioning accuracy and reducing radiation exposure. At the same time, there is growing interest in biodegradable implants. Magnesium alloys show osteogenic and angiogenic potential, although their clinical effectiveness depends on controlling the rate of degradation. PLGA polymers are used especially in pediatric traumatology, eliminating the need for metal removal. However, many of the innovations described require further research. Combining classic methods with new technologies allows for individualized treatment and optimized results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jan Haraj, Maciej Bieniek, Marcin Sobkowiak, Sandra Dachowska, Kinga Woźniak, Maria Namysł, Simon Matczak, Aleksandra Fałczyńska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Crohn’s Disease: A Literature Review
Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age. While treatments have improved over the years, pregnancy in women with CD still presents certain challenges. Recent findings suggest a strong link between disease activity and pregnancy outcomes. Aim To summarize contemporary evidence on pregnancy in women with CD, focusing on pathophysiological and clinical considerations, maternal outcomes, fetal and neonatal outcomes, disease monitoring during pregnancy, and selected high-risk clinical scenarios. Material and Methods This narrative review included articles published between 2015 and 2025 on pregnancy outcomes in women with CD. Relevant publications were identified using keywords such as CD, IBD, pregnancy, maternal and neonatal outcomes, disease activity, and monitoring. The analysis drew on clinical guidelines, observational studies, and narrative reviews, with no formal systematic review or meta-analysis applied. Results Disease activity at conception and during pregnancy emerged as the strongest determinant of pregnancy outcomes. Active disease was linked to higher risks of exacerbation, preterm birth (PTB), impaired fetal growth, and complications. Pregnancies conceived in remission were more often stable, with outcomes resembling those of the general population. Improvements over time reflect better disease monitoring, therapy, and multidisciplinary management. Conclusions Pregnancy outcomes in women with CD are primarily influenced by disease activity, not the diagnosis itself. Preconception counseling, remission, and structured monitoring are essential for optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Teper, Natalia Marianna Kubiś, Wiktor Perz , Anhelina Korolchuk , Aleksander Polus , Bartosz Palacz , Julia Anna Wrona, Anna Gluzicka , Liwia Olczyk , Jędrzej Piotrowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dietary Supplements as Supportive Therapy in Endometriosis: A Systematic Review
Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory gynecological disorder affecting 10–15% of women of reproductive age, characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Its pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and dysregulated apoptosis. Conventional management strategies, including hormonal therapies and surgical interventions, are often limited by recurrence, side effects, and incomplete symptom relief. Consequently, interest has grown in adjunctive approaches, particularly dietary supplementation, for symptom management. Current evidence suggests that dietary supplementation may offer therapeutic benefit in endometriosis through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative mechanisms. While promising, these interventions should be considered adjunctive to standard medical or surgical treatment. Larger, well-designed clinical trials are needed to validate efficacy, establish optimal dosing, and determine long-term safety of supplementation strategies in endometriosis management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Szczotka, Artur Szafraniec, Maciej Krężel, Olga Krężel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO): A Review from a Health Education Perspective
Background: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic complications. Diet and lifestyle can modulate the gut microbiota and gut motility, influencing the risk of developing SIBO. Objective: The aim of this review is to synthesize the current evidence regarding the influence of dietary and lifestyle factors on the development and progression of SIBO. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted in PubMed and Scopus, covering publications from 2011 to 2025. Studies examining the association between dietary patterns, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors with the occurrence or severity of SIBO were included. Results: A diet high in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs), high in fat, and low in fiber predisposes to SIBO through dysbiosis and impaired gut motility. Low levels of physical activity, irregular meals, snacking, excessive alcohol consumption, long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and smoking are potential risk factor. Interventions including dietary modification, regular meals, physical activity, and the use of probiotics and prebiotics can improve symptoms and modulate the microbiota. Conclusions: Diet and lifestyle are key factors modulating the pathogenesis and treatment of SIBO. Clinical strategies should combine dietary interventions, lifestyle optimization, and pharmacotherapy. Further prospective and interventional studies are needed to standardize dietary recommendations and the role of lifestyle modification in the prevention and treatment of SIBO.
Copyright (c) 2026 Izabela Sieradzka, Katarzyna Wajda , Wiktoria Mika, Justyna Słowik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Current Standards and Future Perspectives
Helicobacter pylori infection remains a major clinical challenge due to its high global prevalence, rising antibiotic resistance, and the increasingly limited effectiveness of traditional treatment approaches. Although several diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are well established, eradication rates continue to decline in many regions. Effective management now requires careful selection of treatment based on local resistance patterns, adequate acid suppression, and attention to treatment adherence. Current guidelines support the use of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, concomitant therapy, and susceptibility-guided approaches where available. Emerging treatment options—including potassium-competitive acid blockers, rifabutin-containing therapies, antimicrobial peptides, microbiome-modulating interventions, and vaccine candidates—show promising potential to improve future outcomes. Continued progress in diagnostics and access to newer therapies may enable more individualized, effective, and preventive strategies in the management of H. pylori infection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Marszałek, Michalina Czudowska, Magdalena Zawadzka , Klaudia Kurzątkowska, Aleksandra Bystros, Marta Drozdowska, Emilia Borychowska , Aleksandra Ocimek, Karolina Gwóźdź, Zofia Mierzejewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
­Musculoskeletal Injuries in Recreational Athletes as a Diagnostic Challenge in Acute Pain Syndromes – A Narrative Review
Background. Musculoskeletal injuries are a common consequence of recreational physical activity. In some cases, they may present as acute pain syndromes with a non-specific clinical presentation that can mimic symptoms of internal diseases. Objective. The aim of this study was to present the most common musculoskeletal injuries occurring in recreational athletes and to discuss their relevance in the differential diagnosis of acute pain syndromes. Methods. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Publications addressing musculoskeletal injuries in physically active individuals and their clinical presentation as acute pain were analyzed. Results. The analyzed data indicate that injuries involving the lumbar region, abdominal wall, groin, and pelvis represent some of the most frequent causes of acute pain among recreational athletes. The clinical manifestations of these injuries may resemble renal colic, acute abdominal conditions, or inguinal pathologies, which can pose significant diagnostic challenges in clinical practice. Conclusions. The analyzed data indicate that injuries involving the lumbar region, abdominal wall, groin, and pelvic area are among the most common causes of acute pain in recreational athletes. The symptoms of these injuries may clinically resemble renal colic, acute abdominal conditions, or groin pathologies, which may lead to diagnostic difficulties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabina Ściążko-Gancarczyk, Małgorzata Maliszewska, Maciej Gancarczyk, Jagoda Węgrzyn, Kinga Marciniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determination of molecular mechanisms of cellular plasticity and pancreas tissue remodeling under conditions of experimental diabetes
The pancreas functions as a highly integrated system , in which endocrine islets closely interact with exocrine tissue and vascular-stromal-immune microenvironment. Under conditions of experimental diabetes, chronic hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, oxidative-inflammatory signals and impaired proteostasis initiate prolonged tissue remodeling, the central mechanism of which is cellular plasticity, namely the restructuring of transcriptional-epigenetic programs and secretory competence of endocrine cells. Identification of key molecular nodes of this response using a panel analysis of expression (2⁻ΔΔCt) is necessary to distinguish adaptive and maladaptive remodeling scenarios and to substantiate potential targets for the correction of diabetes-associated disfunction. The aim of the work: to determine the molecular mechanisms of cellular plasticity and remodeling of the pancreas under conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus by analyzing the expression profile of key genes. Materials and methods. For the analysis of gene expression, the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method was used using the PARN-405Z RT² Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Stem Cell kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where the pancreas was the object of the study in experimental animals. Results. In the pancreas of rats under conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus, an increase in the expression of 7 genes (Aldh1a1, Bmp1, Btrc, Cd8a, Cdc42, Dtx2, Myc) was detected relative to the control using the 2⁻ΔΔCt method. The most pronounced was the increase in Cdc42 (11.49 times). Also an increase in Bmp1 (7.13), Myc (5.21), Btrc (5.16), Dtx2 (3.19), Aldh1a1 (2.94), and Cd8a (2.24) fold noted was, reflecting a combination of cytoskeletal-secretory adaptation, matrix remodeling, rearrangement of ubiquitin-dependent and Notch-context signaling and a possible immune contribution. Conclusions: 1. In the pancreas of rats under conditions of experimental diabetes, a limited but distinct profile of increased gene expression (Aldh1a1, Bmp1, Btrc, Cd8a, Cdc42, Dtx2, Myc) was detected by the 2⁻ΔΔCt method, reflecting a holistic tissue response to chronic metabolic stress. 2. The dominant increase in Cdc42 (+11.49) is consistent with the predominant activation of the cytoskeletal-secretory module and can be interpreted as a compensatory reconfiguration of regulated exocytosis of endocrinocytes in a diabetes-associated stress context. 3. The increase in Bmp1 (+7.13) together with the increase in Btrc (+5.16) and Dtx2 (+3.19) indicates the involvement of stromal-matrix remodeling and ubiquitin-dependent and signaling rearrangements that shape the islet microenvironment and modify plasticity trajectories. 4. The combination of increases in Cd8a (+2.24), Aldh1a1 (+2.94) and Myc (+5.21) highlights the contribution of immune-stress and detoxification-adaptive programs in unfractionated tissue, which requires further cell-specific validation to clarify the source of the signals and their functional consequences.
Copyright (c) 2026 T. Ivanenko, A. Аbramov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Vitamin D in Injury Risk and Healing- A Comprehensive Review
In an era of an aging population, vitamin D deficiencies constitute a significant clinical problem. Its pleiotropic effects encompass key reparative processes in soft and bone tissues, as well as modulation of the nervous and immune systems, suggesting its potentially important role in injury prevention and healing support. The aim of this review was to systematically analyse and synthesise current knowledge regarding: (1) the molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action in repair processes, (2) the efficacy of its supplementation in the context of post-injury healing, and (3) the clinical consequences of its deficiency. The literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA methodology. The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched using defined keywords related to vitamin D, wound healing, bone regeneration, and trauma. Original and review articles published between 2010 and 2024 were analysed. The synthesis confirmed the key role of vitamin D in regulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, and inflammation modulation. Clinical data indicate that supplementation is most beneficial for patients with pre-existing deficiency, significantly reducing the risk of complications and improving healing parameters. Groups at particular risk of deficiency requiring monitoring include the elderly, burn victims, diabetics, individuals with dark skin phototypes, and those with malabsorption disorders. For patients with normal or high baseline 25(OH)D levels, the benefits of supplementation are limited or insignificant. Optimising vitamin D levels is a significant, modifiable factor supporting tissue healing, especially in deficient patients. Routine assessment of vitamin D status and targeted supplementation in risk groups should be an integral part of comprehensive post-traumatic care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Igor Jętasiewicz, Szymon Górski, Joanna Okupniarek, Michalina Bartosik, Michał Oborski, Krzysztof Oborski, Jakub Miarczyński, Katarzyna Barczyńska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quantitative assessment of the contributions of inorganic and organic components of Hertsa drinking mineral water in its effect on the neuro-endocrine-immune complex and metabolism in female rats
Background and aim. Our attention was drawn to the drinking mineral water from the Hertsa field (Chernivtsi oblast’, Ukraine) due to its unique combination of salts, trace elements and organic substances. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the contributions of inorganic and organic components of this water in its effect on the neuro-endocrine-immune complex and metabolism in female rats. Material and methods. The experiment carried out at 40 female rats Wistar line. 10 animals remained intact with free access to tap daily water, 10 formed a control group, whose members loaded with same daily water (3 mL/200g) once for 6 days, while 10 rats of the next group loaded with native water from the Hertsa field (HN) or its artificial saline analogue (HASA). The day after the completion of the treating course in all rats assessed the state of neuro-endocrine-immune complex and metabolism. Results. The registered variables were screened to identify those in which at least two groups differed significantly. As a result of discriminant analysis, only 12 variables were included in the model, while the remaining 6 were left out of the model as carriers of duplicate/redundant discriminant information. It was found that the procedure of loading animals with plain water is not physiologically neutral, but is accompanied by changes in a number of variables as a manifestation of chronic aversive stress (increased levels of testosterone, aldosterone, Na/K serum ratio, glycemia, catalase activity in combination with decreased levels of PTH, calcium, Ca/P serum ratio, potassium, chloriduria, natriuria, osmolarity urine, NK lymphocytes as well as the thickness of the medullary zone of adrenal glands. Taking into account this fact, it has been stated that both inorganic (salts & trace elements) and organic substances of HN and HASA reduce, eliminate or even reverse stressor effects as well as initiate a number of others, in particular a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Walery Zukow, Ivan Savytskyi, Dariya Popovych, Halyna Kovalchuk, Ruslan Ponomarenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Immunopathogenesis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Updated Review
Introduction and Objective. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disease characterized by follicular occlusion, painful nodules, abscesses, sinus tract formation, and scarring, primarily affecting intertriginous areas. Although previously considered a disorder of the apocrine glands, HS is now recognized as a complex immunoinflammatory condition involving dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune pathways. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of HS, with particular emphasis on recent molecular and cellular insights relevant to targeted therapy. Brief Overview of Current Knowledge. The initiating event in HS is follicular hyperkeratosis, leading to follicular rupture and secondary inflammation. Disease progression is driven by persistent immune activation, dominated by Th1/Th17 polarization. Key mechanisms include increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, activation of the complement system, especially C5a, and dysregulation of antimicrobial peptides. Aberrant interactions between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, plasma cells, innate lymphoid cells, and T-cell subsets contribute to chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. Summary. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a multifactorial immunoinflammatory disease in which follicular occlusion initiates a complex immune cascade. Identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets, including IL-17-driven pathways, complement components, and CD2–CD58 signaling, supports the development of personalized, mechanism-based treatment strategies. Improved understanding of HS immunopathogenesis may enhance disease stratification and clinical outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiktoria Marszał, Sandra Czyż, Nina Saracen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Promising Treatment Strategies for Rett Syndrome
Background. Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare, genetic neurological disease caused by a mutation of the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene that mainly affects girls. There is no currently available causative treatment for this disease; trofinetide is the only drug dedicated to alleviating symptoms. Aim. The aim is to present potential medicines in clinical trials that have been observed to have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of Rett syndrome. The article contains also descriptions of pathophysiology and symptoms of Rett syndrome, which can be affected by undermentioned pharmaceuticals. Material and methods. The study used Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases as its data sources. Other information was obtained from the Clinicaltrials.gov registry and database, and reports of companies conducting drug research. The literature was filtered by keywords: ‘Rett syndrome‘, ‘clinical trials’ and ‘gene therapies‘. Results. The treatment of Rett syndrome focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life. Trofinetide is the only substance approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which helps to reduce behavioral problems and improve social functioning. Currently, research is underway on genetic therapies, including gene replacement therapy, which may provide more effective treatment options in the future. Additionally, research is being conducted on other drugs that reduce symptoms in patients with RTT. Conclusions. Great hopes are associated with research on gene therapies, which are currently in clinical trial phases. In the future, this could bring significant benefits to patients; their implementation may not only improve aspects of the disease, such as respiratory issues, but also can result in better survival outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maciej Kwieciński, Wojciech Makuch, Natalia Zaj, Paulina Miciuda, Marcelina Kurek, Magdalena Chrościńska-Krawczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Background. Lipedema is a chronic and progressive fat disorder that affects ~11% of the female population. It is characterized by bilateral, disproportionate accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue predominantly in the lower body. Symptoms include pain, bruising, swelling, and subcutaneous nodules that are resistant to traditional interventions such as diet and exercise. Aim. The objective of this review is to summarize recent evidence on the characteristics, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of lipedema. Matherial and Methods. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. The inclusion criteria were “full free text” and English scientific articles, published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 74 records were found, of which publications were ultimately included in the review. Results. Awareness of lipedema in the medical field is increasing, but its differential diagnosis still remains a challenge. Lipedema is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema. Conclusion. This narrative review provides a deeper understanding of lipedema as a serious condition, discusses its pathophysiology and treatment options. The data reveal advances in knowledge, particularly in conservative and surgical treatment with a focus on improving quality of life. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence confirming the safety and efficacy of various treatment methods. Further research is required to ensure the safety and increase the efficacy of treatment for this complex condition known as lipedema.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Bieszczad, Magdalena Barczewska, Dominika Kowalczyk, Barbara Reizer, Klaudia Krystek, Patrycja Felisiak, Dominik Ślazyk, Zofia Botto, Marzena Swójnóg, Zofia Śliwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Trigeminal Neuralgia: Comprehensive Treatment Strategies in a Multidisciplinary Approach – A Literature Review
Introduction. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a rare but debilitating craniofacial pain disorder characterized by sudden, severe, electric shock-like episodes affecting one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Despite its low prevalence, TN has a profound impact on quality of life. Accurate diagnosis and subtype classification are essential for guiding treatment. Advanced neuroimaging techniques help identify structural causes and guide therapy. Purpose. This review offers a comprehensive, evidence-based summary of current treatment strategies for TN, including pharmacological, surgical, and supportive modalities. Special attention is given to recent advances and options for patients with refractory or complex cases. Materials and Methods. This review is based on a structured analysis of peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library. Selection prioritized systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, clinical guidelines, and high-quality cohort studies published between 2000 and 2024. Emphasis was placed on clinical relevance and methodological rigor. Conclusion. Effective management of trigeminal neuralgia demands an individualized, stepwise approach. While carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine remain first-line treatments, a significant subset of patients requires surgical or adjunctive therapies. Microvascular decompression offers the best long-term outcomes in classical TN, whereas less invasive procedures and botulinum toxin injections may benefit selected patients. Neuromodulation techniques are emerging alternatives for drug-resistant cases. Multidisciplinary care is essential for accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agata Pomirska, Bartosz Pomirski, Anna Wilewska, Julia Biernikiewicz, Konstanty Alabrudziński, Milena Biernikiewicz, Agnieszka Borowiec, Aleksandra Dach, Kinga Borowiec, Paulina Kwaśniewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Orthostatic intolerance and presyncopal states in young adults
Introduction and purpose: Orthostatic intolerance is an increasingly recognized disturbance of circulatory regulation in young adults, particularly in academic settings where characteristic lifestyle patterns promote autonomic imbalance. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize current knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms, classification, prevalence and management of orthostatic intolerance in young adults, with particular emphasis on the role of dehydration, sleep irregularities, academic stress and low physical activity. Description of the state of knowledge: Available data indicate that early haemodynamic changes after standing, including initial orthostatic hypotension and impaired baroreflex adaptation, are key mechanisms underlying presyncopal symptoms in this age group. In many patients complaints are misinterpreted as manifestations of anxiety or panic, which leads to delayed diagnosis, unnecessary cardiologic and neurologic investigations and failure to implement simple, effective lifestyle interventions. Studies in student populations show that recurrent presyncopal episodes, “brain fog” and exercise intolerance may significantly impair academic performance and quality of life, while remaining largely unreported. Summary (conclusions): Orthostatic intolerance in young adults rarely reflects severe structural disease but rather a mismatch between autonomic compensatory capacity and chronic environmental load. Early recognition, clear explanation of mechanisms and structured non-pharmacologic management focused on hydration, sleep hygiene, nutrition and physical activity usually lead to substantial symptom relief. In academic environments preventive measures and increased awareness among clinicians, students and university staff are essential to limit unnecessary diagnostics and to reduce the long-term functional impact of orthostatic intolerance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michał Karol, Kamila Koseska, Jan Borowicz, Bartosz Górecki, Kinga Kloch, Patryk Romaniuk, Mariia-Khrystyna Lohin, Aleksandra Strawińska, Małgorzata Bednarczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Modern Solutions to Old Problems: A Review of Emerging Digital Technologies in Post-stroke Neurorehabilitation
Introduction. Stroke is one of the leading causes of chronic disability worldwide. Conventional rehabilitation frequently faces challenges regarding accessibility, high costs, and difficulties in sustaining patient motivation. These constraints often lead to insufficient training intensity, thereby limiting therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, exploring alternative therapeutic solutions is necessary to enhance clinical outcomes. Aim. This review evaluates the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Robotic-Assisted Training (RAT), and telerehabilitation in post-stroke recovery. Methods. A search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted. Included were randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses examining digital technologies in neurorehabilitation. Results. VR and AR improve motor and cognitive functions via immersive feedback. RAT proves effective in delivering high-intensity practice, particularly for lower limb mobility in severe cases, though its superiority over conventional therapy for upper limbs remains inconclusive. Telerehabilitation offers accessibility comparable to face-to-face therapy but relies heavily on patient adherence. Conclusions. Digital technologies address traditional limitations by enabling high-dosage, engaging training that facilitates functional recovery. Future research should focus on optimizing protocols and integrating these solutions into long-term plans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Simon Matczak, Maria Namysł, Kinga Woźniak, Maciej Bieniek, Sandra Dachowska, Jan Haraj, Marcin Sobkowiak, Aleksandra Fałczyńska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Contemporary Disease - Modifying Therapies in ALS: Clinical Evidence, Biomarkers, and Molecular Targets
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor neuron loss and marked biological heterogeneity. Advances in molecular genetics and biomarker research have redefined ALS as a spectrum of molecularly distinct subtypes, creating new opportunities for disease-modifying therapeutic development. Aim To synthesize contemporary evidence on disease-modifying therapies in ALS, with a focus on clinical trial outcomes, validated biomarkers, and molecular targets that inform precision medicine approaches. Material and Methods This narrative review integrates peer-reviewed original studies, clinical trials, and highquality review articles published predominantly between 2017 and 2025. Literature was selected based on relevance to ALS molecular pathophysiology, targeted therapeutic strategies, biomarker development, and clinical trial methodology. Data were synthesized qualitatively, emphasizing target engagement, biomarker modulation, and translational limitations. Results ALS pathogenesis converges on shared downstream mechanisms, including RNA dysmetabolism, impaired proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, despite diverse genetic drivers. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies - particularly targeting SOD1 - have demonstrated robust biological efficacy, including molecular target engagement and neurofilament light chain (NfL) modulation. NfL has emerged as the most robustly validated biomarker for prognosis, patient stratification, and pharmacodynamic assessment, although its predictive value for long-term clinical benefit remains under evaluation. Non–ASO disease-modifying approaches have shown variable clinical outcomes, highlighting methodological and biological challenges. Conclusions Disease-modifying intervention in ALS is biologically feasible but remains limited by delayed diagnosis, disease heterogeneity, and conventional trial design constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiktor Perz, Bartosz Palacz, Natalia Marianna Kubiś, Maria Magdalena Teper, Aleksander Polus, Julia Anna Wrona, Anna Gluzicka, Liwia Olczyk, Jędrzej Piotrowski, Anhelina Korolchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Current Approaches to the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Narrative Review
Endometriosis is a complex, systemic clinical syndrome affecting over 10% of women and significantly impairing reproductive function and quality of life. Common symptoms include pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and abnormal menstrual bleeding, often resulting in surgical interventions and, historically, hysterectomy [1]. The pathogenesis of endometriosis is multifactorial, involving hormonal imbalance, chronic inflammation, and genetic and epigenetic factors. While retrograde menstruation remains the most accepted mechanism, other processes, such as coelomic metaplasia, stem cell involvement, and immune dysregulation, contribute to ectopic endometrial tissue implantation and persistence [2]. Epigenetic modifications further affect gene expression and hormonal responsiveness, promoting disease progression. Diagnosis combines clinical evaluation and imaging, with laparoscopy and histological confirmation as the gold standard. Less invasive techniques, such as transvaginal ultrasound and MRI, are increasingly used due to their sensitivity for detecting deep lesions [4]. Treatment is tailored to symptom severity, disease extent, and fertility goals, integrating pharmacological, surgical, and supportive methods. Hormonal therapies such as combined oral contraceptives, progestins, and GnRH analogues, are first-line treatments, while surgery is reserved for refractory cases or anatomical complications. [3] Complementary interventions—such as physical activity, physiotherapy, dietary modifications, and psychological support—can enhance symptom control and quality of life.[4] Comprehensive, multidisciplinary care is essential to optimize emphasizing early diagnosis, individualized therapy, and supportive care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Justyna Słowik, Wiktoria Mika , Izabela Sieradzka, Katarzyna Wajda, Wiktoria Kostyniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Management of functional dyspepsia: a clinical practice review
Introduction and purpose: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut–brain interaction characterized by chronic upper gastrointestinal symptoms without structural disease. Its heterogeneous mechanisms and limited treatment efficacy remain major clinical challenges. This review summarizes evidence published between 2020 and 2025 on adult FD management and proposes a practical, phenotype-guided therapeutic approach for everyday clinical practice. State of knowledge: All patients with dyspeptic symptoms should undergo testing for Helicobacter pylori, with eradication therapy recommended for all infected individuals to identify H. pylori–associated dyspepsia and prevent misclassification as FD. In confirmed FD, proton pump inhibitors represent first-line pharmacotherapy, providing modest but clinically relevant symptom improvement. H₂-receptor antagonists may be used as second-line or on-demand therapy. In patients with postprandial distress syndrome, prokinetic agents are preferred. However, safety concerns limit long-term use of metoclopramide and domperidone, whereas itopride and cinitapride offer more favourable efficacy–tolerability profiles. For epigastric pain–predominant FD or treatment-refractory disease, low-dose tricyclic antidepressants show the strongest evidence among neuromodulators, while SSRIs and SNRIs are not recommended. Selected adjunctive therapies offer additional benefit with good short-term safety. Summary: Management of FD should be systematic, stepwise and phenotype-driven, combining pharmacological therapy and evidence-based adjunctive interventions. Although treatment effects are modest, individualized combination strategies can achieve meaningful and sustained symptom improvement in many patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanna Naliuka, Ewa Byjoś, Kamila Milewska , Karolina Bury, Katarzyna Fabiś , Katarzyna Młynarczyk, Mateusz Zbylut, Patrycja Mateja, Sylwia Buczek, Weronika Mstowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Potential Role of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: An Environmental Health Narrative Review
Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are increasingly detected in human biological matrices, including blood, urine, placenta, and reproductive tissues [1–3]. Due to their small size, persistence, and physicochemical properties, these particles are capable of entering the human body through ingestion and inhalation, followed by systemic distribution [4]. Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and is characterized by immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered hormonal signaling [5–7]. Growing evidence indicates that exposure to environmental pollutants may modulate molecular pathways relevant to the development and progression of endometriosis [8]. Experimental studies demonstrate that MNPs can induce oxidative stress, activate inflammatory signaling cascades, disrupt endocrine function, and alter immune cell behavior—mechanisms that overlap with the established pathophysiology of endometriosis [9–12]. Recent reports describing the presence of microplastics in human endometrial tissue further raise concerns regarding direct tissue-level exposure [13]. This narrative review summarizes current PubMed-indexed evidence on human exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics, their biological effects relevant to female reproductive health, and the mechanistic plausibility of their involvement in endometriosis pathogenesis, while highlighting existing knowledge gaps and methodological limitations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maja Radziwon, Konrad Borowski, Oskar Pastuszek, Emilia Bolesta-Okuniewska, Pawel Michalak, Aleksandra Marchwińska-Pancer, Katarzyna Kopeć, Julia Ceryn, Anna Maria Wicher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The pleiotropic effects of adaptogens in depression: A Systematic Review
Depression is a condition that affects increasingly larger groups of people. It involves, among other things, disturbances in neurotransmitter function and nervous system metabolism. The reason for this condition is often an excessive amount of stimuli, according to which the brain must adapt the body to survive in changing conditions. The differences in age, race, gender, and social status that would typically identify groups at higher or lower risk of developing depression are becoming blurred. Today, depressive disorders pose a danger to the entire population. They affect people in various ways. They can result from pathological changes and processes in different systems of the body. Adaptogens, which have strong pleiotropic effects, can be used to improve the patient's condition, well-being, and clinical status across various disorders of the entire body. These are plant-based substances that do not have as well-developed a legislative process as typical drugs on the pharmacological market. However, they play a significant role in supporting the treatment of various organ diseases throughout the body. At the same time, they alleviate neurological aberrations in the course of depressive disorders. In addition, both their antidepressant and health-promoting effects on other systems are mutually beneficial. Therefore, the use of adaptogens can benefit patients and significantly improve their quality of life during illness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maciej Krężel, Olga Krężel, Marcelina Rybińska, Artur Szafraniec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The effect of melatonin supplementation on muscle recovery - a literature review
Introduction and objective: Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that influences the synchronization of the circadian cycle. It is responsible for the proper functioning of the human biological clock by regulating the sleep–wake rhythm. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on the effects of melatonin supplementation on muscle regeneration after injuries, on muscle damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion, and on muscle recovery in older adults. Review methods: All data were collected from publicly available sources. This article's databases were accessed via PubMed, BioMed Central. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Recent studies show that melatonin, through it’s influence on the human circadian cycle, also affects muscle regeneration. The biological clock coordinates the expression of many genes located in musce tissue that are responsible for muscle development, hypertrophy, metabolism and repair. In addition, the biological clock regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the proper functioning of the biological clock is important for muscle regeneration. Melatonin also exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which protect against the harmful consequences of reperfusion. Moreover, melatonin influences the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, thereby protecting against muscle fibrosis. Melatonin also increases the expression of the Pax7 protein in muscle cells, supporting the restoration of the satellite cell pool responsible for repairing damaged muscle. Summary: Melatonin supplementation in athletes, older adults, and individuals who have experienced muscle ischemia and reperfusion may support muscle regeneration, thereby accelerating the patient’s recovery and return to everyday life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paulina Kozłowska, Alicja Tabian, Jakub Smęt, Aleksandra Beata Chojnacka, Jacek Borawski, Julia Burdon-Sajnóg, Zofia Szymona-Kucewicz, Klaudia Katarzyna Bartela, Julia Katarzyna Dusiel, Anna Wałachowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Magic of Lateral Thinking and the Features of Its Implementation in Medical Education
Background: Enhancing teaching efficiency in clinical disciplines for medical students is critical for reducing medical errors and improving future medical practice. Despite advancements in foundational sciences, traditional teaching methods often fail to cultivate essential critical thinking skills. Lateral thinking (LT), a non-traditional approach emphasizing creativity and heuristic problem-solving, offers potential for innovation in medical education. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of LT-integrated pedagogy compared to traditional teaching methods in pediatric clinical training for master’s students, testing three hypotheses: 1. LT is incompatible with disciplines requiring strict protocol adherence (e.g., pediatrics).2. LT implementation requires minimal changes to traditional pedagogy.3. LT yields no significant difference in learning outcomes versus conventional methods. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with fifth-year Pediatrics master’s students at Odessa National Medical University. Participants were divided into: Control group (n=19): Traditional teaching (case analysis, protocol-based instruction). Experimental group (n=24): LT-integrated teaching (e.g., "Five Whys" technique, brainstorming, "medical tribunal" game). Both groups completed two lessons on "Diabetes mellitus in children." Twelve competencies (diagnostic/therapeutic skills) were assessed. Statistical analysis included t-tests, Pearson’s χ², and dispersion metrics (SPSS 17.0, Excel 2010). Results: The study refutes all five hypotheses. (1) LT implements evidence-based medicine while maintaining safety and applying innovative solutions in complex conditions. (2) Integration of LT required substantial structural changes (correlation coefficient = 0.298; χ² = 71.39, p<0.001). (3) After the second lesson, the LT group showed significantly higher skill acquisition (92.46% ±4.59 vs. 79.90% ±9.88; t=22.69, p<0.01; χ²=20.05, p<0.05). (4) LT reduced variance significantly (dispersion: 71.98 vs. 212.35; ratio 2.95:1). (5) LT accelerated mastery by 35% (13.26 vs. 17.86 hours; efficiency ratio 1.35:1). Conclusion of the study: The integration of lateral thinking in medical education enhances skill acquisition, promotes teamwork, and improves adaptability to complex clinical scenarios. Although it requires significant restructuring of teaching methods and additional preparation time, the benefits in terms of learning outcomes and efficiency are substantial.
Copyright (c) 2026 Viktor Biryukov, Anatoliy Gozhenko, Walery Zukow https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Erectile Function in Physically Active Young Men: Psychological, Behavioral and Training-Related Factors
Introduction. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is increasingly reported among young men, including those who train regularly and maintain a physically active lifestyle. In this population, traditional risk factors are less prominent, while psychological components, body-image pressures, training overload and the use of substances aimed at improving appearance or performance appear to play a greater role. At the same time, ED may lead to a decline in psychological well-being, reduced self-confidence and impaired sexual quality of life. Aim. The aim of this narrative review is to summarise current knowledge on the interplay between erectile function and mental health in physically active young men, with attention to epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic considerations and clinical implications. Methods. This review is based on an analysis of literature indexed in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar from 2000 to 2025. Observational and experimental studies, systematic reviews and publications in the field of sport psychology were included. Results. Available evidence suggests that ED may be more common among young men who train intensively, especially in those exposed to strong body-image expectations, excessive training loads, or the use of supplements and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Psychological factors such as anxiety, depressive symptoms and muscle dysmorphia appear to contribute both to the development of ED and to its consequences. The relationship between mental health and erectile function seems to be bidirectional. Conclusions. Physically active young men represent a group in whom ED may remain undetected despite significant impact on well-being and sexual functioning. Clinical assessment should include screening for mental-health concerns as well as evaluation of training patterns and supplement use. Further research is needed to clarify mechanisms and develop strategies for prevention and early intervention in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Małgorzata Maliszewska, Marek Ząbczyński, Sabina Ściążko-Gancarczyk, Jagoda Węgrzyn, Maciej Gancarczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Children
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are one of the most common infectious causes of death worldwide, making them a major global burden. For this reason, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are one of the key achievements in preventive medicine. PCVs are not only among the most widely used vaccines in the world but also have high clinical efficacy in preventing pneumococcal diseases, including invasive pneumococcal disease, meningitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, otitis media, and upper respiratory tract infections. In addition, PCVs contribute to herd immunity and reduce respiratory tract colonization with streptococci, particularly in newborns and infants, especially during the pre-vaccination period. Due to their very good safety profile, including a low risk of serious adverse reactions and high immunogenicity, PCVs are an important part of international and national vaccination programs. Nevertheless, their availability remains limited in low- and middle-income countries. The high replaceability and persistence of some serotypes, along with multi-drug resistance, keep Streptococcus pneumoniae infections as a major epidemiological challenge. This underscores the importance of monitoring variants and updating vaccination schedules. Modern PCVs now include more serotypes to combat these diseases, guiding future clinical research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kinga Woźniak, Sandra Dachowska, Aleksandra Fałczyńska, Jan Haraj, Maria Namysł, Simon Matczak, Maciej Bieniek, Marcin Sobkowiak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Polyphenol Supplementation on Recovery Following High-Intensity Interval Training
Polyphenols are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds. As a part of the human diet, they have a broad spectrum of biological activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties through multiple metabolic pathways. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise, although widely used to improve physical performance, is associated with causing substantial metabolic and oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal imbalance, and muscle damage. Some studies indicate that polyphenol intake may inhibit reactive oxygen species formation, modulate cytokine release, lower lipid peroxidation and damage of deoxyribonucleic acid, and improve markers of muscle recovery, potentially accelerating recovery after HIIT. However, other research contradicts the positive impact of polyphenol supplementation on recovery or performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Fałczyńska, Maria Wawrzyniak, Julia Linke, Karolina Szamałek, Dominika Kozłowska, Wiktoria Boral, Marek Dróżdż, Wiktoria Marzec, Stanisław Kopeć https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter (PM₂.₅) and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: A Literature Review
Background. Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), composed of airborne particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, is a significant environmental risk that can adversely affect pregnancy. Exposure to PM₂.₅ during pregnancy has been associated with a number of adverse birth outcomes, including small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), and preterm birth (PTB). This literature review summarizes evidence published between 2020 and 2025 regarding the relationship between prenatal PM₂.₅ exposure during different pregnancy trimesters and the risk of PTB, LBW, and SGA. Aim of the review. This review gathers and evaluates epidemiological studies from 2020 to 2025 examining the connection between prenatal exposure to PM₂.₅ and adverse perinatal outcomes such as SGA, LBW, and PTB Methods. In our review, we included case-control and cohort primary epidemiological studies that were published between 2020 and 2025. Maternal exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ in connection with PTB, LBW, or SGA was evaluated in eligible studies. Results. Across the reviewed studies, prenatal exposure to PM₂.₅ was linked to an increased risk of LBW and SGA, with heightened susceptibility in the first and second trimesters. Associations with PTB were also noted but more variable. Many large population-based studies found small but statistically significant effects, especially those using thorough exposure assessment methods. Conclusions. The current evidence suggests that maternal exposure to ambient PM₂.₅ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, especially indicators of restricted fetal growth. These findings highlight the need for further study to clarify critical exposure windows, underlying biological processes, and effective strategies to reduce exposure during pregnancy. They also support the importance of air quality as a controllable environmental factor for maternal and offspring health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anhelina Korolchuk, Bartosz Palacz, Maria Magdalena Teper, Natalia Marianna Kubiś, Julia Anna Wrona, Wiktor Perz, Aleksander Polus, Jędrzej Piotrowski, Anna Gluzicka, Liwia Olczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sedentary Lifestyle and Academic Stress as Risk Factors for Health Disorders in Young Adults
Introduction and purpose. Young adults—especially students—are increasingly exposed to the combined impact of a sedentary lifestyle and chronic academic stress. Screen-based learning and computer-mediated work promote prolonged sitting, while high academic demands limit time and energy for recovery and movement. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge on links between sedentary behaviour, academic stress and health in young adults, and to indicate implications for health education and prevention at universities. Description of the state of knowledge. Studies show that sedentary behaviour in this age group is associated with musculoskeletal pain, early metabolic disturbances, poorer sleep and reduced psychological well-being, whereas academic stress correlates with anxiety and depressive symptoms, sleep problems, risky health behaviours and burnout. Both factors share biological and psychosocial mechanisms, including dysregulation of the stress axis and consolidation of passive, screen-based coping. The academic environment—through timetables, assessment methods and access to sports infrastructure—shapes students’ movement patterns and stress load. Interventions that combine promotion of everyday physical activity with training in stress self-regulation and sleep hygiene, supported by environmental changes that facilitate movement breaks, appear promising but are still evaluated mainly in cross-sectional or short-term studies. Summary (conclusions). Sedentary lifestyle and academic stress form a mutually reinforcing cluster of risk factors that may contribute to early health problems in young adults, supporting the need for integrated, university-based programmes that address both daily movement patterns and stress management skills.
Letrozole-Assisted Ovulation Induction Combined with Lifestyle Modification in Women with PCOS: A Review
Introduction. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of anovulatory infertility. Lifestyle modification remains the foundation of treatment, yet many women require pharmacological ovulation induction. Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor originally developed for breast cancer therapy, has emerged as a promising first-line agent for women with PCOS. Aim. The aim of this article is to assess whether it is clinically appropriate to use letrozole in addition to physical activity and nutrition to achieve better ovulation outcomes in women with PCOS trying to improve infertility. Review methods. A thorough examination of research articles on PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted using search phrases that included the following keywords: letrozole/ off-label use/ ovulation induction/ female infertility/ polycystic ovary syndrome/ aromatase inhibitors/ diet/ lifestyle modification/ stimulated cyclear.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalena Waśniowska, Magdalena Wiernek, Jagoda Węgrzyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Background. High school graduates are increasingly showing interest in medical studies, particulary in medicine and dentristy. Prospective students most commonly cite a personal interest in medicine as the primary reason for choosing these educational paths. However, studying in medical programs is associated with significant stress, arising mainly from participation in clinical classes and high expectations regarding academic performance. Aim. The aim of this research paper is to present the issue of stress among students of various medical disciplines. Material and methods. This article reviews available literature from 2017 to 2025 concerning stress among students in different medical fields, particularly medical, dental, physiotherapy, and paramedic students. For the purpose of this study, the following databases were used: Elsevier, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Ultimately, 39 articles and 7 online sources were included. Results. Stress is a natural physiological response that arises during change or challenge. It may trigger a wide range of physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions, including the development of depression, anxiety, and impaired cognitive functioning. Identifying sources of stress and factors that exacerbate it enables the development of coping strategies and reduces its negative consequences, which may influence both the quality of future professional decision-making and students’ physical and mental health. Conclusions. Students in medical fields experience high levels of stress, which may lead to mental health problems, burnout, and substance use. They employ adaptive coping strategies, such as active problem-solving and seeking support, while mindfulness-based programs, mentoring, and clinical counseling help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sylwia Maria Mroszczyk, Zuzanna Kowalczyk, Dawid Nowicki, Małgorzata Muszyńska, Julia Surowaniec, Katarzyna Karaś https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on adaptation to cancer among women with cervical cancer
Introduction. Cervical cancer is a serious health, social, and economic problem. It belongs to the group of the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system in Poland and worldwide. Adaptation to cancer, particularly in the case of cervical cancer, is a complex process that includes psychological, emotional, and social aspects. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess adaptation to cancer among patients with cervical cancer, taking into account sociodemographic and clinical factors. Material and Methods. The diagnostic survey method was used in this study. The research was conducted using an original questionnaire and the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale (Mini-MAC). The study included 65 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer who were treated surgically at the Oncology Outpatient Clinic and the Gynecology and Obstetrics Outpatient Clinic at the hospital in Żywiec. The respondents were informed in advance about the purpose of the study and that participation was voluntary and anonymous. The inclusion criteria were consent to participate in the study and a diagnosis of cervical cancer. Results. The study did not demonstrate statistically significant relationships regarding the impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on adaptation to cancer. Conclusions. In the studied group of patients, the analyzed sociodemographic and clinical factors, including age, place of residence, marital status, financial status, level of education, type of occupation, and type of surgical procedure, did not affect adaptation to cancer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Weronika Biber, Joanna Ziemiańska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Health behaviors and perception of risks associated with the use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco substitutes among secondary school students in the Podkarpackie Province
Abstract Introduction: The popularity of e-cigarettes/tobacco heaters/snus has been steadily growing in recent years. They are increasingly replacing traditional cigarettes. This is most often the result of users' belief that they are healthier and safer than traditional cigarettes, but also a result of fashion. This is a serious problem among today's youth. Research objective: The aim of the study was to learn about the awareness and behaviors of young people in the Podkarpackie Province related to e-cigarettes and other substitutes for traditional tobacco smoking. Material and methods: A diagnostic survey method was used with a questionnaire technique and an original electronic questionnaire. The study surveyed 310 secondary school students (women: 52.58%; men: 47.42%) from general secondary schools, technical schools, vocational schools, and vocational schools. Results: Nearly 40% of the students surveyed do not smoke tobacco, either traditionally or electronically. E-smokers account for 23.87%, traditional cigarettes 11.29%, snus 5.48%, and tobacco heaters 3.23%. The study group also included ex-smokers (5.81% - former traditional smokers, 4.19% -former electronic smokers), as well as passive tobacco smokers (24 students - 7.74%). The general health awareness of the surveyed students is at a fairly low level, with an average level of knowledge about the consequences of smoking and tobacco use. Conclusions: The scale of use of traditional smoking substitutes is a serious and growing problem. Active education on the harmful effects of various forms of tobacco smoking should be an integral part of young people's lives, both at school and at home.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ewelina Fryc, Marianna Charzyńska-Gula https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of Sleep Hygiene on Cognitive Functioning, Mental Health, and Physical Performance in Young Adults: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Sleep hygiene encompasses behavioral and environmental practices that shape sleep quality and circadian stability. Among young adults, lifestyle demands, academic pressures, and widespread digital media use contribute to irregular sleep–wake schedules, shortened sleep duration, and increasing sleep disturbances. This narrative review synthesizes research from sleep medicine, psychology, and public health to examine how sleep hygiene relates to cognitive performance, psychological well-being, and physical functioning in young adults. Evidence indicates that inconsistent sleep timing, evening light exposure, and stimulating pre-sleep activities are linked to impaired attention, reduced learning efficiency, and poorer executive functioning. Poor sleep hygiene is also associated with heightened emotional reactivity, greater risk of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and impaired stress regulation. Physiological consequences include altered neuroendocrine rhythms, reduced recovery capacity, and declines in physical performance. Intervention studies show that adopting regular sleep schedules, minimizing nocturnal screen exposure, and optimizing sleep environments can improve sleep quality, daytime functioning, and mental health. Taken together, sleep hygiene emerges as a modifiable and cost-effective determinant of health in young adults. Integrating sleep-supportive behaviors into preventive medicine, education, and public health initiatives may help protect cognitive, emotional, and physical functioning during this critical developmental period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patryk Romaniuk, Michał Karol, Kamila Koseska, Jan Borowicz, Bartosz Górecki, Kinga Kloch, Mariia-Khrystyna Lohin, Aleksandra Strawińska, Małgorzata Bednarczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in Healthcare Settings and Cognitive Performance of Staff
Introduction. Clinical work is performed under conditions of high cognitive load, time pressure and frequent interruptions. Research on patient safety has traditionally focused on sleep deprivation, fatigue and work organisation, whereas environmental factors are analysed less frequently, despite their chronic and cumulative effects. Aim. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current state of knowledge on the relationship between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and cognitive performance of healthcare professionals and trainees, and to discuss the implications of these associations for medical education and patient safety. State of knowledge. IEQ encompasses ventilation and air quality, thermal and humidity conditions, lighting, and sensory load, including noise. Experimental and observational evidence suggests that even moderate deviations of environmental parameters may be associated with impairments in vigilance, attention, working memory, reaction time and executive functions, particularly when combined with sleep deficit, multitasking and high distraction. Indirect effects may also arise from exposures typical of hospital environments and from factors increasing respiratory discomfort and communication burden. Conclusions. Framing IEQ within a human factors perspective supports a systems-based approach to quality and safety. Monitoring environmental parameters and implementing low-cost organisational interventions may represent a practical component of strategies aimed at supporting cognitive performance of staff and the effectiveness of medical education.
Sense of coherence and health behavior among nurses
Introduction: The work of nurses can impose both psychological and physical burdens on the body. Nurses often work in shift systems, significantly disrupting their circadian rhythm, making it challenging to prioritize their own health and contributing to the development of a rigid sense of coherence. Objective: To determine the sense of coherence through the analysis of health behaviors and mental health status of nurses. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with a group of 100 nurses, utilizing a diagnostic survey method through questionnaire techniques and tools such as SOC29, IZZ, GHQ28. Results: The research indicates that age does not differentiate nurses in terms of the sense of coherence (p > 0.05). Significant statistically correlations were observed between dietary habits and the sense of coherence. As the overall coherence score increases, so do the results related to health behaviors. Work experience influences the health practices of nurses, with higher experience associated with lower health practices. The education level of nurses does not affect the sense of coherence. No differences were found in terms of anxiety, functional disorders, and depression concerning work experience. Conclusions: Nurses exhibit comparable sense of coherence considering age. Higher overall coherence scores are associated with higher scores in health behaviors. Work experience differentiates nurses in terms of health practices. The education level of nurses does not differentiate them in terms of the sense of coherence. There is a correlation between health behaviors and the mental health of nurses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sylwia Krzeminska, Magdalena Krawiec, Marta Polanowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Sports Rehabilitation: Current Applications, Challenges, and Their Impact on Health and Physical Education
Background:Exercise rehabilitation plays an essential role in improving motor function, promoting health, and enhancing quality of life among individuals with functional impairments, chronic diseases, and older adults. However, traditional rehabilitation models face limitations, particularly in long-term and home-based settings, due to subjective assessment methods, limited feedback, and low exercise adherence. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced new opportunities for objective assessment, personalized intervention, and continuous monitoring in exercise rehabilitation. Objective:This review aims to summarize current applications of AI in exercise rehabilitation, evaluate its effects on motor function and health-related outcomes, identify key challenges, and discuss implications for health promotion and physical education. Methods:A narrative review approach was employed to synthesize studies on AI-assisted exercise rehabilitation, focusing on movement assessment, personalized training, feedback mechanisms, home-based rehabilitation, and applications across different populations. Results:Evidence indicates that AI-assisted exercise rehabilitation can improve movement quality, motor function, and exercise adherence. AI-based systems support objective and continuous assessment, enable individualized training programs, and enhance user engagement through real-time feedback. Nevertheless, challenges remain related to data quality, system adaptability, ethical and privacy concerns, professional training, and integration into healthcare and educational systems. Conclusion:Artificial intelligence represents a promising supportive tool in exercise rehabilitation, offering new possibilities for health promotion and physical education. Although current findings are generally positive, further high-quality research and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to support standardized, ethical, and sustainable implementation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhiming Shi, Junjie Chen, Guangxin Cheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0