Phytotherapy in spa treatment: knowledge, use and opinions of spa patients, visitors and residents of a spa town (Inowrocław, Poland)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2026.95.76505Keywords
Phytotherapy, herbal medicine, spa treatment, balneology, Kneipp therapy, health educationAbstract
Introduction: Herbal medicine is among the oldest therapeutic traditions and is deeply rooted in European spa culture, most fully expressed in the system of Sebastian Kneipp. In Polish spas, however, phytotherapy is used only marginally, and public knowledge of medicinal plants is fading.
Aim: To assess the knowledge of phytotherapy and attitudes towards its use in spa treatment and in self-treatment among spa patients, visitors and residents of the Polish spa town of Inowrocław, answering five research questions with five research and five statistical hypotheses.
Material and Methods: A diagnostic survey with an original closed-ended questionnaire was carried out on 19 May 2013 near the brine graduation towers in Inowrocław (58 valid questionnaires; 41 women, 17 men; 28 spa patients, 18 visitors, 12 residents). Group-level results were converted from the thesis charts into whole-person counts and analysed with descriptive statistics, Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals, exact binomial tests, Freeman-Halton and Fisher exact tests with Holm correction, and correspondence analysis. Methods that need individual-level data (canonical, discriminant, cluster and factor analysis) could not be applied.
Results: Only 13 of 57 respondents (22.8%; 95% CI 12.7-35.8) had ever used phytotherapy in a spa, and a physician had never proposed herbal treatment to 40 of 58 (69.0%; 95% CI 55.5-80.5). Herbs were nevertheless used on their own by 35 of 46 spa patients and visitors (76.1%). Of 57 respondents, 46 (80.7%; 95% CI 68.1-90.0) wanted herbal medicine promoted more and 46 (80.7%) favoured extending it in spas; nobody opposed either proposal. Residents more often did not know herbs (8/12 vs 4/27 spa patients and 5/18 visitors; exact p = 0.006), but this did not remain significant after correction for 14 comparisons (adjusted p = 0.078). Only the preparation of home-made cosmetics differed significantly between groups after correction (adjusted p = 0.009; Cramér's V = 0.48). Correspondence analysis described two dimensions (60.6% and 39.4% of inertia) that separated residents, spa patients and visitors.
Conclusions: Phytotherapy is rarely used in Polish spa medicine despite clear social demand. Evidence-based health education, careful integration of herbal treatment into spa programmes under medical supervision, and larger multi-centre studies with individual-level data, which would allow multivariate analyses, are recommended.
References
Abramov, S., Sokolovskyi, S., Gozhenko, A., Sobko, I., Titov, G., Gladyshev, V., Khmil, M., & Kletnieks, U. (2025). The application of biologically active components derived from mineral, synthetic, phyto- and organic sources for developing local hemostatic agents: Historical traditions and contemporary advancements. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 75, Article 57568. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2024.75.57568
Babov, K. D., Gushcha, S. G., Voloshenyuk, I. O., Nasibullin, B. A., Badiuk, N. S., & Zabolotna, I. B. (2020). Assessment of biological activity of natural iron-containing mineral waters at their internal application. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(6), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2020.10.06.038
Badiuk, N., Popovych, D., Hrytsak, M., Ruzhylo, S., Zakalyak, N., Kovalchuk, G., Mel’nyk, O., & Zukow, X. (2021). Similar and specific immunotropic effects of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters "Myroslava" and "Khrystyna" of Truskavets’ spa in healthy female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(11), 314–333. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.11.031
Badyin, I., Gozhenko, O., Gozhenko, A., & Żukow, W. (2025). Technology of activation of regenerative rehabilitation: Mechanisms and neuroendocrine modulation. A narrative review. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 25, 66009. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2025.25.66009
Bassetti, A., & Sala, S. (2005). Wielka księga aloesu [The great book of aloe] (3rd Polish ed.). Zuccari.
Bombushkar, I., Gozhenko, A., Fihura, O., Savytskyi, I., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2025a). Nonspecificity of adaptogenic effects of Ukrainian phytocompositions “Balm Truskavets’” and tea ATINE®. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 83, 64562. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.83.64562
Bombushkar, I., Gozhenko, A., Savytskyi, I., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., Anchev, A., Duzhar, V., & Popovych, I. (2025b). Phytotea “ATINE” has beneficial effects on some neural, endocrine, immune, metabolic and biophysics variables in patients with maladaptation. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 82, 62835. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.82.62835
Bombushkar, I., Korda, M., Gozhenko, A., Savytskyi, I., Chebanenko, O., Badiuk, N., Żukow, W., Anchev, A., Duzhar, V., Popovych, D., & Popovych, I. (2025c). Phytotea “ATINE” enhances the immunomodulatory effect of adaptogenic factors of the Truskavets’ Spa in patients after radical treatment of oncological pathology. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 80, 60626. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.80.60626
Brinkmann, H., Noculak-Palczewska, A., & Szala, W. (2007). Fitoterapia: Racjonalne porady i zalecenia [Phytotherapy: Rational advice and recommendations]. MedPharm Polska.
Chukhraev, N., Żukow, W., Vladimirova, N., Chukhraeva, E., & Tereshchenko, O. (2022). Complementary methods for the prevention and treatment of stress-induced mastopathy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(8), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.011
Chukhraev, N., Żukow, W., Vladymyrova, N., Fedorov, S., Chukhraeva, E., Unichenko, A., & Chernyak, V. (2023). Rehabilitation of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder by complementary methods. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 48(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.48.01.007
Czerpak, R., & Jabłońska-Trypuć, A. (2008). Roślinne surowce kosmetyczne [Plant cosmetic raw materials]. MedPharm Polska.
Dobrowolski, L., Dudzicz, M., Górski, M., Kałużyński, H., Kazior, A., Ożarowski, A., Skwarska, M., & Szozda, A. (1955). Vademecum fitoterapii [Vademecum of phytotherapy]. Zarząd Przemysłu Zielarskiego, Dział Informacji Naukowej.
Dylewska-Grzelakowska, J. (1999). Kosmetyka stosowana [Applied cosmetics]. WSiP.
Ehnert, L., & Geiser, C. (2022). Was ist gesichert in der Kneipp-Therapie? Die internistische Sicht [What is confirmed in Kneipp therapy? The perspective of internal medicine]. Die Innere Medizin, 63(12), 1229-1236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-022-01423-8
European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2004). Directive 2004/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending, as regards traditional herbal medicinal products, Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Official Journal of the European Union, L 136, 85-90.
Fiedoruk, A. (2009). Okowita, przepalanka i nalewki [Aqua vitae, spirits and tinctures]. Zysk i S-ka.
Fihura, O., Ruzhylo, S., Korda, M., Klishch, I., Żukow, X., & Popovych, I. (2023). The influence of the Ukrainian phytocomposition "Balm Truskavets'" on parameters of neuro-endocrine-immune complex and biophotonics in humans with maladaptation. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 13(1), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.13.01.048
Fink, E. (2007). Kosmetyka: Przewodnik po substancjach czynnych i pomocniczych [Cosmetics: A guide to active and auxiliary substances]. MedPharm Polska.
Gozhenko, A. I., & Lebedeva, T. L. (2010). Physiological principles of optimal water use. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 32(5), 290–296. https://doi.org/10.3103/s1063455x10050036
Gozhenko, A., Badiuk, N., Nasibullin, B., Gushcha, S., Gozhenko, O., Vasyuk, V., Kutsenko, Y., Muszkieta, R., & Żukow, W. (2020). The role of macronutrients in the implementation of the corrective effect of low-mineralized water in experimental metabolic syndrome. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 71(4), 423–430. https://doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2020.0136
Gozhenko, A., Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., & Żukow, X. (2022). “Myroslava” and “Khrystyna” drinking mineral waters modulate the state of neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism in patients of Truskavets’ spa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(3), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.03.001
Gozhenko, A., Żukow, W., Gozhenko, O., & Ivanov, D. (2025a). Water, proteins, and volume regulation: Molecular mechanisms of hydration and oncotic balance. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 26, 66523. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2025.26.66523
Gozhenko, A., Żukow, W., Gozhenko, O., Ivanov, D., & Saensus, M. (2025b). Evolution of scientific paradigms in understanding water balance. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 25, 65921. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2025.25.65921
Gozhenko, A., Żukow, W., Gozhenko, O., Pavlega, H., & Popovych, I. (2025c). Functional–metabolic continuum: A novel perspective on the pathogenesis of stress-induced metabolic disorders. A problem-oriented review. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 28, 67436. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2025.28.67436
Gozhenko, A., Żukow, W., Gozhenko, O., Saensus, M., & Vitiukov, O. (2025d). Pathophysiological mechanisms of integrated regulation of water-sodium homeostasis: From cellular dysfunction of Na-K-ATPase to dysregulation of systemic volume control: A systematic review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 84, 64716. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.84.64716
Gozhenko, A., Żukow, W., Olenovych, O., & Gozhenko, O. (2026). Renal threshold for glucose: Physiological basis and relationship with water metabolism. A narrative review. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 31, 69828. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2026.31.69828
Gushcha, S., Nasibullin, B., Żukow, W., Balashova, I., Koieva, К., Volyanska, V., & Arabaji, M. (2019). Influence of mineral water of well No. 3 of Semyanivka village of Poltava district of Poltava region (Ukraine) on the structural and functional state of the kidneys with experimental nephritis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(11), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2019.09.11.008
Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., & Hrytsan, I. (2021a). Peculiarities of neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters "Myroslava" and "Khrystyna" of Truskavets’ spa in healthy female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(9), 862–875. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.103
Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., Hrytsan, I., & Zukow, X. (2022a). Comparative study of the effects on the EEG of drinking monotherapy with Naftussya water and therapy supplemented with “Myroslava” and “Khrystyna” mineral waters. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.02.016
Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., Hrytsan, I., & Żukow, W. (2021b). Similar neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters "Myroslava" and "Khrystyna" of Truskavets’ spa in healthy female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(6), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.06.035
Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., Hrytsan, I., & Żukow, X. (2022b). Comparative study of the effect on the neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism of drinking monotherapy with Naftussya water and therapy supplemented with “Myroslava” and “Khrystyna” mineral waters. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(1), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.01.031
Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Ruzhylo, S., Zakalyak, N., & Żukow, W. (2022c). Neuro-endocrine mechanism of specific balneoeffects of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(3), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.03.023
Klimuszko, A. (1987). Wróćmy do ziół leczniczych [Let us return to medicinal herbs]. Rytm.
Kozyavkina, N., Voronych-Semchenko, N., Vovchyna, Y., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2020a). Autonomic and endocrine accompaniments of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters in patients of Truskavets’ spa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(7), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2020.10.07.048
Kozyavkina, N., Voronych-Semchenko, N., Vovchyna, Y., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2020b). Quantitative and qualitative blood pressure clusters in patients of Truskavets’ SPA and their hemodynamic accompaniment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(6), 445–454. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2020.10.06.046
Kozyavkina, N., Vovchyna, Y., Voronych-Semchenko, N., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2021). Electroencephalographic accompaniment of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters in patients of Truskavets’ spa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(10), 435–444. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.10.040
Kozyavkina, N., Vovchyna, Y., Voronych-Semchenko, N., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2022a). Metabolic accompaniment of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters in patients of Truskavets’ spa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(2), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.02.039
Kozyavkina, N., Vovchyna, Y., Voronych-Semchenko, N., Żukow, W., Popovych, D., & Popovych, I. (2022b). Immune accompaniment of quantitative-qualitative blood pressure clusters in patients of Truskavets’ spa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(3), 320–329. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.03.028
Krsnik, S., Blažič, M., & Kregar Velikonja, N. (2022). Vloga in uveljavljenost fitoterapije v Sloveniji in svetu [The role and validity of phytotherapy in Slovenia and the world]. Revija za zdravstvene vede, 9(1), 80-95. https://doi.org/10.55707/jhs.v9i1.123
Książkiewicz, T. (1997). Zielnik ojców bonifratrów: Recepty ziołowe [Herbal of the Brothers Hospitallers: Herbal recipes]. Comes.
Kucherenko, M., Nasibullin, B., Bobro, E., Badiuk, N., Glushchenko, V., Kholodnitskiy, I., & Oslavskaya, T. (2020). The influence of natural mineral water on the structural and functional changes in the rat kidneys under urolithiasis modelling. Balneo Research Journal, 11(4), 477–480. https://doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2020.382
Lamer-Zarawska, E., Kowal-Gierczak, B., Niedworok, J., & Błach-Olszewska, Z. (2012). Fitoterapia i leki roślinne [Phytotherapy and herbal medicines]. Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL.
Leuchtgens, H., Albus, T., Uhlemann, C., Volger, E., Pelka, R. B., & Resch, K. L. (1999). Auswirkungen der Kneipp-Kur, einer standardisierten Komplextherapie, auf Schmerz, Lebensqualität und Medikamentenverbrauch: Kohortenstudie mit 1-Jahres-Follow-up [Effects of Kneippism, a standardized complex therapy, on pain, quality of life and use of medicines: Cohort study with a one-year follow-up]. Complementary Medicine Research, 6(4), 206-211. https://doi.org/10.1159/000021249
Locher, C., & Pforr, C. (2014). The legacy of Sebastian Kneipp: Linking wellness, naturopathic, and allopathic medicine. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(7), 521-526. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0423
Matławska, I. (2020). Od tradycyjnego ziołolecznictwa do racjonalnej fitoterapii [From traditional herbal medicine to rational phytotherapy]. Postępy Fitoterapii, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.25121/PF.2020.21.1.55
Melnyk, O., Popovych, A., Purij, N., Kovalchuk, H., Kopko, I., Lupak, O., Fil, V., Styranka, M., & Żukow, W. (2025). Personification of the attributive effects of balneotherapy at Truskavets’ spa. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 26, 66805. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2025.26.66805
Mel’nyk, O., Struk, Z., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2019). Vegetative, endocrine and metabolic accompaniments of individual immune responses to adaptogenic balneotherapy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(12), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2019.09.12.023
Mikołajczak, N. (2018). Potential health benefits of aloe vera. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 8(9), 1420-1435. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1434046
Pavliuk, N., & Badiuk, N. (2022). The influence of magnesium preparations on the change in metabolism in the modeling of toxic nephropathy in animals. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(6), 403–409. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.06.040
Pavliuk, N., Badiuk, N., & Vasiuk, V. (2022). Structural and functional changes in the kidneys of rats with toxic nephropathy after a course of drinking mineral water «DONAT Mg». Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(10), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.10.044
Pilch, T., & Bauman, T. (2001). Zasady badań pedagogicznych: Strategie ilościowe i jakościowe [Principles of pedagogical research: Quantitative and qualitative strategies]. Żak.
Ponikowska, I. (2012). Kompendium balneologii [Compendium of balneology]. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek.
Ponikowska, I., Walczak-Sielicka, J., Latour, T., & Łankajtys, T. (1995). Medycyna uzdrowiskowa w zarysie [Spa medicine in outline]. WATEXT'S.
Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., Hrytsak, M., Ruzhylo, S., Mel’nyk, O., & Zukow, X. (2021a). Sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium mineral waters modulate neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism in healthy female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(12), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.12.037
Popovych, I. L. (2023). Similarity of adaptogenic effects of bioactive naftussya water and phytocomposition “Balm Truskavets’”. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(12), 344–356. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.12.052
Popovych, I., Gozhenko, A., Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Badiuk, N., & Żukow, W. (2022a). Peculiarities of modulating effects of “Myroslava” and “Khrystyna” mineral waters on neuroendocrine-immune complex and metabolism in patients of Truskavets’ spa. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(3), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.03.005
Popovych, I., Gozhenko, A., Hrytsak, M., Popovych, D., Korolyshyn, T., Kovbasnyuk, M., & Żukow, W. (2022b). General non-specific effects of balneofactors of Truskavets’ spa on parameters of neuroendocrine regulation, metabolism, immunity and microbiota in patients with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(1), 368–384. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.01.032
Popovych, I., Mysula, I., Popovych, A., Mysula, Y., Sydliaruk, N., Bilas, V., & Żukow, W. (2021b). Role of organic carbon and nitrogen of mineral waters in their immunomodulating effects at female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(9), 886–894. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.104
Popovych, I., Mysula, I., Popovych, D., Mysula, Y., Sydliaruk, N., Yavorska, O., & Żukow, W. (2021c). Role of trace elements of mineral waters in their effects on neuro-endocrine-immune complex at female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 11(10), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.10.035
Reisecker, N., Riegler, S., Safran, J., Diesner, M., Aumer, A., Pany, S., Zommer, P., & Sitte, H. H. (2026). Systematic review of clinical evidence for Kneipp medicine. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-026-02780-2
Samochowiec, L., Wójcicki, J., & Łoniewski, I. (2002). Kompendium ziołolecznictwa [Compendium of herbal medicine]. Urban & Partner.
Samosiuk, I., Kopchak, S., Chudnaja, R., Degtyarev, Y., Slautenko, N., & Żukow, W. (2011). Application of therapeutic physical exercises and massage in treatment and rehabilitation of patients with muscular torticollis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 1(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2011.01.01.004
Savytskyi, I., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2025). Amelioration of the “Truskavetska” bottled water by hydrogen-riching. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 78, 59051. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2025.78.59051
Schilcher, H., & Dorsch, W. (2010). Ziołolecznictwo w pediatrii: Podręcznik dla lekarzy i farmaceutów [Herbal medicine in paediatrics: A handbook for physicians and pharmacists] (I. Fecka, Ed. of the Polish ed.; M. Smolińska, Trans.). MedPharm Polska.
Stier-Jarmer, M., Throner, V., Kirschneck, M., Frisch, D., & Schuh, A. (2021). Effekte der Kneipp-Therapie: Ein systematischer Review der aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse (2000-2019) [Effects of Kneipp therapy: A systematic review of current scientific evidence (2000-2019)]. Complementary Medicine Research, 28(2), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510452
Struk, Z., Mel’nyk, O., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2019). The diversity of immune reactions to balneotherapy and their accompaniments. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(11), 349–373. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2019.09.11.033
Struk, Z., Mel’nyk, O., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2020a). Metabolic predictors of individual immune responses to adaptogenic balneotherapy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2020.10.02.027
Struk, Z., Mel’nyk, O., Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2020b). Vegetative and endocrine predictors of individual immune responses to adaptogenic balneotherapy. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 10(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2020.10.01.024
Szostak, J. (2006). Farmakognozja, farmacja galenowa i aptekarstwo w renesansowych zielnikach polskich [Pharmacognosy, galenic pharmacy and pharmacy in Polish Renaissance herbals]. Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL.
Uehleke, B. (2011). Phytobalneologie. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie, 32(2), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1271325
Uzdrowisko Inowrocław Sp. z o.o. (n.d.). Tężnia solankowa [The brine graduation tower]. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.solanki.pl/teznia-solankowa/
Vladymyrov, O., Chukhraiev, N., Shmorgun, А., Żukow, W., Мaliuta, V., & Chukhraieva, O. (2022). Polyfactorial approach in rehabilitation of football players' muscles after sports injuries. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 12(1), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.01.017
Woźniak, O. (2013). Fitoterapia w lecznictwie uzdrowiskowym [Phytotherapy in spa treatment] [Master's thesis, Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy]. Supervisor: W. Żukow.
Łobocki, M. (2001). Wprowadzenie do metodologii badań pedagogicznych [Introduction to the methodology of pedagogical research]. Impuls.
Żukow, W., & Popovych, I. (2024). The effect of Hydrogen-rich „Truskavetska” bottled water on the swimming stress test in female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 72, 57303. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2024.72.57303
Żukow, W., Fihura, O., Korda, M., Klishch, I., Ruzhylo, S., Melnyk, O., Yanchij, R., & Popovych, I. (2024). Modulating effects of Ukrainian phytocomposition “Balm Truskavets’” on post stress changes in neuroendocrine-immune complex, metabolome, electrocardiogram, and gastric mucosa at rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 64, 55171. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2024.64.55171
Żukow, W., Savytskyi, I., Kovalchuk, H., & Melnyk, O. (2026a). The effect of drinking mineral waters on the physical performance of female rats and its metabolic support. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport, 31, 70045. https://doi.org/10.12775/pps.2026.31.70045
Żukow, W., Savytskyi, I., Popovych, D., Kovalchuk, H., & Ponomarenko, R. (2026b). Quantitative assessment of the contributions of inorganic and organic components of Hertsa drinking mineral water in its effect on the neuro-endocrine-immune complex and metabolism in female rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 87, 68436. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2026.87.68436
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Otylia Woźniak, Krzysztof Biesiada, Walery Zukow
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 7
Number of citations: 0
