Eye Involvement in COVID-19 - A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global health crisis with a wide spectrum of systemic complications. While incidence and mortality rates are gradually declining, increasing attention is being paid to the long-term effects of COVID-19 including ocular manifestations.

Aim. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on ophthalmic findings associated with COVID-19, including their clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and potential long-term consequences.

Material and methods. A literature search was conducted in February 2026 using the terms: (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2) AND (ocular OR ophthalmic OR eye) AND (complications OR manifestations). English-language studies published since January 2020 were included. Studies were selected based on title and abstract screening and full-text review.

Results. COVID-19 is associated with a wide range of ophthalmic manifestations and complications. Among the most frequently described in the literature are acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN), acute angle closure (AAC), uveitis, and mucormycosis. AMN has been linked to microvascular disturbances following infection. AAC may present with a more severe course, likely influenced by both physiological and behavioral factors. Uveitis may occur de novo or as reactivation of pre-existing disease, with autoimmune mechanisms suggested. An increased incidence of mucormycosis has been observed, particularly in patients treated with corticosteroids and those with diabetes.

Conclusions. Ophthalmic complications of COVID-19 are heterogeneous and may result from vascular, immune, and infectious mechanisms. Further research is needed to clarify long-term ocular consequences and optimize patient care.