Oral Allergy Syndrome: A Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Current Management Strategies

Abstract

Background:

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) is an immediate allergic reaction occurring in the oral mucosa caused by food allergens, especially in individuals allergic to pollen. This reaction is caused by cross-reactivity between pollen proteins and homologous proteins located in raw vegetables, fruits and nuts. It leads to symptoms localized in the oral cavity and throat, such as itching, tingling, and mild swelling of the lips, tongue, and palate. In most cases, symptoms are mild and short-lived; however, in some individuals, they may progress to more severe reactions, including systemic symptoms or even anaphylaxis.

Aims:

The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic criteria and current treatment strategies related to OAS.

Methods:

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed databases. The search included keywords such as „oral allergy syndrome”, „pollen–food allergy syndrome”, „cross-reactivity”, „anaphylaxis” and „IgE-mediated hypersensitivity”. Relevant original studies, review articles, and clinical guidelines were included.

Conclusion:

OAS is often underdiagnosed, and, at times, it can lead to fatal consequences. It is therefore crucial to raise awareness and search for new effective methods of diagnostic approaches. Identifying cross-reactive allergens and implementing preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of OAS episodes, particularly life-threatening anaphylaxis.