Nutrition in COPD: From Malnutrition and Sarcopenia to Patient-Tailored Nutritional Strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2026.92.72556Keywords
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malnutrition, sarcopenia, dietary supplements, pulmonary rehabilitation, quality of lifeAbstract
Background: Malnutrition and sarcopenia are among the most prevalent and clinically significant extrapulmonary manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a widespread systemic condition. Nutritional depletion leads to impaired physical performance, worse quality of life, and increased exacerbation and mortality risk. Growing evidence suggests that nutritional therapy may play an important role in comprehensive COPD management. Aim: To present the current state of knowledge on the nutritional burden of COPD, its underlying mechanisms, and the effects of dietary and supplemental interventions. Methods: A total of one hundred two articles published between 2010 and 2026 were selected from databases such as PubMed, PMC, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect and analysed based on their relevance and quality of evidence. Results: Malnutrition and sarcopenia are frequently observed in COPD and correlate with poorer functional status, increased exacerbation rate, and lower survival. Studies show that dietary patterns, depending on their composition, may exert protective effects or worsen disease progression. In addition to increasing body weight and fat-free mass (FFM), oral nutritional supplementation (ONS), when combined with pulmonary rehabilitation, may enhance muscle function and quality of life. Although long-term data remain limited, emerging evidence suggests potential benefits of antioxidants, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and microbiome-targeted therapies. Conclusion: Nutrition should be considered a key component of COPD management. Early nutritional assessment and individualized interventions may improve outcomes, particularly in patients with malnutrition or sarcopenia. Additionally, alongside ONS, patients with COPD should receive dietary counselling. Despite the growing body of research in this field, long-term randomized controlled trials are still required to optimize strategies and clarify effects on the gut–lung axis.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Oliwia Grygorczuk, Gabriela Luba, Justyna Ignarska, Magdalena Ignarska, Zuzanna Czach, Sabina Kubicz `Mzabi, Katarzyna Aleksandrowicz
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