Non-thermal, minimally invasive methods for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs – analysis of efficacy and safety
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2026.91.70808Keywords
chronic venous insufficiency, lower limb varicose veins, minimally invasive treatment, non-thermal methods, foam sclerotherapy, mechanochemical ablation, cyanoacrylate adhesiveAbstract
Introduction Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs (CVI) is a common disorder of
the venous system, leading to significant clinical symptoms and reduced quality of life in
patients. In recent years, there has been rapid development of minimally invasive
endovascular methods, particularly non-thermal techniques, which provide an alternative to
conventional surgical treatment and thermal ablation.
Aim The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of non-thermal,
minimally invasive methods for treating chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs, with
particular emphasis on ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS), cyanoacrylate adhesive
embolization (CAC), and mechanochemical ablation (MOCA).
Results Non-thermal methods for treating chronic venous insufficiency demonstrate high
short-term effectiveness and a favorable safety profile. Foam sclerotherapy, cyanoacrylate
adhesive embolization, and mechanochemical techniques enable effective closure of
incompetent veins, significant symptom reduction, and improvement in quality of life, with
minimal peri-procedural pain and a rapid return to daily activities.
Conclusions Non-thermal, minimally invasive techniques constitute a safe and effective
alternative to surgical treatment and thermal methods, particularly for patients who prefer less
invasive approaches and shorter recovery times. Their limitation remains lower long-term
durability compared to thermal ablation, which necessitates individualized method selection
and further comparative studies.
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