Effects of Exercise on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2026.88.67978Keywords
Rheumatoid arthritis, exercise, inflammation, C-reactive protein, ESR, cytokines, aerobic training, resistance trainingAbstract
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation leading to joint destruction, disability, and increased cardiovascular risk. Exercise is increasingly recognized as a non-pharmacological therapy that may modulate inflammation and improve clinical outcomes in RA.
Aim
The aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of different exercise modalities on inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with RA.
Material and methods
A narrative review was conducted using studies published in peer-reviewed journals, identified through databases such as PubMed. Randomized controlled trials, clinical interventions, and systematic reviews assessing the impact of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on inflammatory markers in adults with RA were included. Data were extracted on exercise protocols, biomarker outcomes, and methodological quality.
Results:
Exercise interventions in RA show variable effects on inflammatory biomarkers. Aerobic training consistently reduces CRP and TNF-α, while effects on IL-6 and ESR are less consistent. Resistance training primarily lowers ESR and CRP, with transient changes in interleukins. Combined aerobic and resistance programs demonstrate the broadest anti-inflammatory impact, reducing CRP and IL-6, modulating regulatory T and B cells, and improving disease activity and quality of life. Short-term, moderate-intensity, and home-based interventions are safe and effective, whereas low-intensity exercise shows limited biomarker changes.
Conclusions:
Regular exercise is safe and beneficial for patients with RA, reducing disease activity, improving physical function, and modulating inflammatory biomarkers, particularly CRP and IL-6. Combined aerobic and resistance training offers the broadest anti-inflammatory and clinical benefits. Further research is needed to determine the most effective interventions for targeted modulation of inflammation.
References
[1] GBD 2021 Rheumatoid Arthritis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(10):e594-e610. Published 2023 Sep 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00211-4
[2] Lee J, Dunlop D, Ehrlich-Jones L, Semanik P, Song J, Manheim L, et al. Public health impact of risk factors for physical inactivity in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(4):488-493. http://doi.org/10.1002/acr.21582
[3] Cooney JK, Law RJ, Matschke V, Lemmey AB, Moore JP, Ahmad Y, et al. Benefits of exercise in rheumatoid arthritis. J Aging Res. 2011;2011:681640. Published 2011 Feb 13. http://doi.org/10.4061/2011/681640
[4] Ashai S, Harvey NC. Rheumatoid arthritis and bone health. Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(6):565-567. http://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.20.6.rabh
[5] Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ Res. 2019;124(5):799-815. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669
[6] Brady SM, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Dinas PC, Nightingale TE, Metsios GS, Elmsmari SMA, et al. Effects of lifestyle physical activity and sedentary behaviour interventions on disease activity and patient- and clinician- important health outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Rheumatol. 2023;7(1):27. Published 2023 Sep 6. http://doi.org/10.1186/s41927-023-00352-9
[7] Kondo N, Kuroda T, Kobayashi D. Cytokine Networks in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(20):10922. Published 2021 Oct 10. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010922
[8] Siebert S, Tsoukas A, Robertson J, McInnes I. Cytokines as therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Rev. 2015;67(2):280-309. http://doi.org/10.1124/pr.114.009639
[9] Burska A, Boissinot M, Ponchel F. Cytokines as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:545493. http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/545493
[10] Lo CN, Wong NEJW, Ho S, Ang EJH, Leung BPL. Evaluating the Effects of Exercise on Inflammation Markers in Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel). 2025;13(6):168. Published 2025 May 29. http://doi.org/10.3390/sports13060168
[11] Li Z, Wang XQ. Clinical effect and biological mechanism of exercise for rheumatoid arthritis: A mini review. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1089621. Published 2023 Jan 6. http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089621
[12] Luo P, Wang P, Xu J, Hou W, Xu P, Xu K, et al. Immunomodulatory role of T helper cells in rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive research review. Bone Joint Res. 2022;11(7):426-438. http://doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.117.BJR-2021-0594.R1
[13] Yamada H. The Search for the Pathogenic T Cells in the Joint of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Which T-Cell Subset Drives Autoimmune Inflammation?. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):6930. Published 2023 Apr 8. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086930
[14] Anandan M, Narayanan J. Role of T cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025;44:102278. Published 2025 Oct 7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2025.102278
[15] Xu T, Cai H, Liu J, Mao X, Chen Y, Chen M, et al. Exploring the role of unconventional T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1656994. Published 2025 Aug 20. http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1656994
[16] Yap HY, Tee SZ, Wong MM, Chow SK, Peh SC, Teow SY. Pathogenic Role of Immune Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications in Clinical Treatment and Biomarker Development. Cells. 2018;7(10):161. Published 2018 Oct 9. http://doi.org/10.3390/cells7100161
[17] Jang S, Kwon EJ, Lee JJ. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenic Roles of Diverse Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):905. Published 2022 Jan 14. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020905
[18] Fujimoto S, Niiro H. Pathogenic Role of Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(18):6409. Published 2025 Sep 11. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14186409
[19] Ridgley LA, Anderson AE, Pratt AG. What are the dominant cytokines in early rheumatoid arthritis?. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018;30(2):207-214. http://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000470
[20] Bottini N, Firestein GS. Duality of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in RA: passive responders and imprinted aggressors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(1):24-33. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2012.190
[21] Udalova IA, Mantovani A, Feldmann M. Macrophage heterogeneity in the context of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12(8):472-485. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.91
[22] Wang Z, Zhang J, An F, Zhang J, Meng X, Liu S, et al. The mechanism of dendritic cell-T cell crosstalk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023;25(1):193. Published 2023 Oct 5. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-023-03159-8
[23] Shapiro SC. Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus. 2021;13(5):e15063. Published 2021 May 16. http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15063
[24] Pepys MB, Hirschfield GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(12):1805-1812. http://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18921
[25] Colina M, Campana G. Precision Medicine in Rheumatology: The Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Treatment Optimization. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1735. Published 2025 Mar 4. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051735
[26] Harrison M. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Aust Prescr. 2015;38(3):93-94. http://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2015.034
[27] Orr CK, Najm A, Young F, McGarry T, Biniecka M, Fearon U, et al. The Utility and Limitations of CRP, ESR and DAS28-CRP in Appraising Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:185. Published 2018 Aug 3. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00185
[28] Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295. Published 2014 Sep 4. http://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016295
[29] Strand V, Boklage SH, Kimura T, Joly F, Boyapati A, Msihid J. High levels of interleukin-6 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are associated with greater improvements in health-related quality of life for sarilumab compared with adalimumab. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):250. Published 2020 Oct 20. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-020-02344-3
[30] Lee A, Qiao Y, Grigoriev G, Chen J, Park-Min KH, Park SH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor α induces sustained signaling and a prolonged and unremitting inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(4):928-938. http://doi.org/10.1002/art.37853
[31] Farrugia M, Baron B. The role of TNF-α in rheumatoid arthritis: a focus on regulatory T cells. J Clin Transl Res. 2016;2(3):84-90. Published 2016 Sep 15. PMID: 30873466 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30873466/
[32] Aaltonen KJ, Virkki LM, Malmivaara A, Konttinen YT, Nordström DC, Blom M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of existing TNF blocking agents in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30275. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030275
[33] Turesson C, Rönnelid J, Kastbom A. Autoantibodies as prognostic markers in rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Autoimmun. 2025;10:100291. Published 2025 May 3. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2025.100291
[34] Derksen VFAM, Huizinga TWJ, van der Woude D. The role of autoantibodies in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39(4):437-446. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-017-0627-z
[35] Togashi T, Ishihara R, Watanabe R, Shiomi M, Yano Y, Fujisawa Y, et al. Rheumatoid Factor: Diagnostic and Prognostic Performance and Therapeutic Implications in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1529. Published 2025 Feb 25. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051529
[36] Burr ML, Viatte S, Bukhari M, Plant D, Symmons DP, Thomson W, et al. Long-term stability of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody status in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(3):R109. Published 2012 May 9. http://doi.org/10.1186/ar3834
[37] Moschou D, Krikelis M, Georgakopoulos C, Mole E, Chronopoulos E, Tournis S, et al. Sarcopenia in Rheumatoid arthritis. A narrative review. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2023;8(1):44-52. Published 2023 Mar 1. http://doi.org/10.22540/JFSF-08-044
[38] Zegkos T, Kitas G, Dimitroulas T. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: assessment, management and next steps. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2016;8(3):86-101. http://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X16643340
[39] DeMizio DJ, Geraldino-Pardilla LB. Autoimmunity and Inflammation Link to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatol Ther. 2020;7(1):19-33. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-019-00189-0
[40] Dijkshoorn B, Raadsen R, Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis Anno 2022. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10):2704. Published 2022 May 11. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102704
[41] Chmielewski G, Majewski MS, Kuna J, Mikiewicz M, Krajewska-Włodarczyk M. Fatigue in Inflammatory Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(15):12040. Published 2023 Jul 27. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512040
[42] Tam K, Wong-Pack M, Liu T, Adachi J, Lau A, Ma J, et al. Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Associated With Sarcopenia in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2024;30(1):18-25. http://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000001980
[43] Ye H, Weng H, Xu Y, Wang L, Wang Q, Xu G. Effectiveness and safety of aerobic exercise for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022;14(1):17. Published 2022 Feb 5. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00408-2
[44] Lemmey AB, Marcora SM, Chester K, Wilson S, Casanova F, Maddison PJ. Effects of high-intensity resistance training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(12):1726-1734. http://doi.org/10.1002/art.24891
[45] Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(9):607-615. Published 2011 Aug 5. http://doi.org/10.1038/nri3041
[46] Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2017;7(11):a029793. Published 2017 Nov 1. http://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029793
[47] Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;98(4):1154-1162. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004
[48] Lu Z, Wang Z, Zhang XA, Ning K. Myokines May Be the Answer to the Beneficial Immunomodulation of Tailored Exercise-A Narrative Review. Biomolecules. 2024;14(10):1205. Published 2024 Sep 25. http://doi.org/10.3390/biom14101205
[49] Khalafi M, Maleki AH, Symonds ME, Sakhaei MH, Rosenkranz SK, Ehsanifar M, et al. Interleukin-15 responses to acute and chronic exercise in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2024;14:1288537. Published 2024 Jan 3. http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288537
[50] Rigamonti E, Zordan P, Sciorati C, Rovere-Querini P, Brunelli S. Macrophage plasticity in skeletal muscle repair. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:560629. http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/560629
[51] Docherty S, Harley R, McAuley JJ, Crowe LAN, Pedret C, Kirwan PD, et al. The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022;14(1):5. Published 2022 Jan 6. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2
[52] Nash D, Hughes MG, Butcher L, Aicheler R, Smith P, Cullen T, et al. IL-6 signaling in acute exercise and chronic training: Potential consequences for health and athletic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33(1):4-19. http://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14241
[53] Batista ML Jr, Rosa JC, Lopes RD, Lira FS, Martins E Jr, Yamashita AS, et al. Exercise training changes IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in the skeletal muscle of post-MI rats. Cytokine. 2010;49(1):102-108. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2009.10.007
[54] Krüger K, Mooren FC, Pilat C. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Physical Activity. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(24):3730-3748. http://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160322145107
[55] Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. J Sport Health Sci. 2019;8(3):201-217. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009
[56] Kawanishi N, Yano H, Yokogawa Y, Suzuki K. Exercise training inhibits inflammation in adipose tissue via both suppression of macrophage infiltration and acceleration of phenotypic switching from M1 to M2 macrophages in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2010;16:105-118. PMID: 20839495 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20839495/
[57] Song J, Deng T. The Adipocyte and Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol. 2020;11:593058. Published 2020 Nov 27. http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.593058
[58] Grant RW, Dixit VD. Adipose tissue as an immunological organ. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(3):512-518. http://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21003
[59] Giles JT, Allison M, Blumenthal RS, Post W, Gelber AC, Petri M, et al. Abdominal adiposity in rheumatoid arthritis: association with cardiometabolic risk factors and disease characteristics. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(11):3173-3182. http://doi.org/10.1002/art.27629
[60] Francisco V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Pino J, Mera A, González-Gay MA, Gómez R, et al. Adipokines: Linking metabolic syndrome, the immune system, and arthritic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;165:196-206. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.030
[61] Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911-920. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.023
[62] Sirico F, Bianco A, D'Alicandro G, Castaldo C, Montagnani S, Spera R, et al. Effects of Physical Exercise on Adiponectin, Leptin, and Inflammatory Markers in Childhood Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Child Obes. 2018;14(4):207-217. http://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2017.0269
[63] Zhang Y, He Z, Yin Z, Wang J, Gao W, Jie L. Effect of Exercise Interventions for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. J Pain Res. 2025;18:5109-5126. Published 2025 Sep 30. http://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S537227
[64] Rausch Osthoff AK, Niedermann K, Braun J, Adams J, Brodin N, Dagfinrud H, et al. 2018 EULAR recommendations for physical activity in people with inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(9):1251-1260. http://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213585
[65] Lourenzi FM, Jones A, Pereira DF, Santos JHCAD, Furtado RNV, Natour J. Effectiveness of an overall progressive resistance strength program for improving the functional capacity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(11):1482-1491. http://doi.org/10.1177/0269215517698732
[66] Huang J, Park HY. Effect of blood flow restriction with low-intensity resistance training in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Phys Act Nutr. 2024;28(1):7-19. http://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2024.0002
[67] Andonian BJ, Johannemann A, Hubal MJ, Pober DM, Koss A, Kraus WE, et al. Altered skeletal muscle metabolic pathways, age, systemic inflammation, and low cardiorespiratory fitness associate with improvements in disease activity following high-intensity interval training in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):187. Published 2021 Jul 10. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-021-02570-3
[68] de Jong Z, Vliet Vlieland TP. Safety of exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(2):177-182. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.bor.0000151400.33899.88
[69] Wu ML, Ma JK, Tsui K, Hoens AM, Li LC. Tailoring Strength Training Prescriptions for People with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Scoping Review. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;18(2):200-215. Published 2022 Sep 9. http://doi.org/10.1177/15598276221125415
[70] Hu H, Xu A, Gao C, Wang Z, Wu X. The effect of physical exercise on rheumatoid arthritis: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(2):506-522. http://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14574
[71] Metsios GS, Moe RH, van der Esch M, van Zanten JJCSV, Fenton SAM, Koutedakis Y, et al. The effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiovascular physiology in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2020;40(3):347-357. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04483-6
[72] Liao CD, Chen HC, Huang SW, Liou TH. Exercise therapy for sarcopenia in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2022;36(2):145-157. http://doi.org/10.1177/02692155211035539
[73] Mochizuki T, Yano K, Ikari K, Okazaki K. Effects of Locomotion Training on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Prog Rehabil Med. 2024;9:20240022. Published 2024 Jun 18. http://doi.org/10.2490/prm.20240022
[74] Athanasiou A, Papazachou O, Rovina N, Nanas S, Dimopoulos S, Kourek C. The Effects of Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Quality of Life in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11(6):161. Published 2024 May 22. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11060161
[75] Modarresi Chahardehi A, Masoumi SA, Bigdeloo M, Arsad H, Lim V. The effect of exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the modulation of inflammation. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(7):1420-1431. http://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/fohyoy
[76] Azeez M, Clancy C, O'Dwyer T, Lahiff C, Wilson F, Cunnane G. Benefits of exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial of a patient-specific exercise programme. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(6):1783-1792. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-04937-4
[77] Fu X, Zhang L, Wang C, Yue J, Zhu H. The effect of exercise therapy on pain, fatigue, bone function and inflammatory biomarkers individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and knee osteoarthritis: a meta-research review of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol. 2025;16:1558214. Published 2025 Apr 9. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1558214
[78] Burghardt RD, Kazim MA, Rüther W, Niemeier A, Strahl A. The impact of physical activity on serum levels of inflammatory markers in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(5):793-804. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04284-x
[79] Balchin C, Tan AL, Golding J, Bissell LA, Wilson OJ, McKenna J, et al. Acute effects of exercise on pain symptoms, clinical inflammatory markers and inflammatory cytokines in people with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2022;14:1759720X221114104. Published 2022 Aug 16. http://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X221114104
[80] Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJ, Nightingale P, Kitas GD, Koutedakis Y. Individualised aerobic and resistance exercise training improves cardiorespiratory fitness and reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(11):1819-1825. http://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202075
[81] Wen Z, Chai Y. Effectiveness of resistance exercises in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(13):e25019. http://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025019
[82] Lange E, Kucharski D, Svedlund S, Svensson K, Bertholds G, Gjertsson I, et al. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise in Older Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(1):61-70. http://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23589
[83] Andersson SEM, Lange E, Kucharski D, Svedlund S, Önnheim K, Bergquist M, et al. Moderate- to high intensity aerobic and resistance exercise reduces peripheral blood regulatory cell populations in older adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Immun Ageing. 2020;17:12. Published 2020 May 16. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-020-00184-y
[84] Cerasola D, Argano C, Chiovaro V, Trivic T, Scepanovic T, Drid P, et al. Physical Exercise and Occupational Therapy at Home to Improve the Quality of Life in Subjects Affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(15):2123. Published 2023 Jul 25. http://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152123
[85] de Jong Z, Munneke M, Zwinderman AH, Kroon HM, Jansen A, Ronday KH, et al. Is a long-term high-intensity exercise program effective and safe in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(9):2415-2424. http://doi.org/10.1002/art.11216
[86] Pereira Nunes Pinto AC, Natour J, de Moura Castro CH, Eloi M, Lombardi Junior I. Acute effect of a resistance exercise session on markers of cartilage breakdown and inflammation in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(11):1704-1713. http://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13204
[87] Khalafi M, Akbari A, Symonds ME, Pourvaghar MJ, Rosenkranz SK, Tabari E. Influence of different modes of exercise training on inflammatory markers in older adults with and without chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine. 2023;169:156303. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156303
[88] Ercan Z, Deniz G, Yentur SB, Arikan FB, Karatas A, Alkan G, et al. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on cytokines, klotho, irisin, and vascular endothelial growth factor responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ir J Med Sci. 2023;192(1):491-497. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-022-02970-7
[89] Yu Q, Xia Z, Liong EC, Tipoe GL. Chronic aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity and modulates Nrf2 and NF‑κB/IκBα pathways in the skeletal muscle of rats fed with a high fat diet. Mol Med Rep. 2019;20(6):4963-4972. http://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10787
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Dusiel, Anna Wałachowska, Alicja Tabian, Paulina Kozłowska, Jakub Smęt, Aleksandra Beata Chojnacka, Jacek Borawski, Julia Burdon-Sajnóg, Zofia Szymona-Kuciewicz, Klaudia Katarzyna Bartela
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 3
Number of citations: 0
