The Role of the Skin and Gut Microbiota in Acne Vulgaris: Current Insights and Future Directions - Review

Abstract

Introduction

Acne vulgaris is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, affecting up to 85% of young adults. It can lead to scarring and significantly reduce the quality of life. Traditionally, acne pathogenesis has been linked to excess sebum, follicular hyperkeratinisation, Cutibacterium acnes colonisation, and inflammation. However, an increasing role has been attributed to changes in the microbiota. Additionally, the gut-skin axis is a modulating factor in acne. Understanding these microbiota interactions offers opportunities for new treatment strategies.
Aim of study
This work aims to evaluate the current evidence regarding the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment of acne vulgaris.

Materials and methods
Articles for this review were retrieved from multiple scientific databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific resources. The search methodology incorporated the terms “acne vulgaris” or “acne” AND “microbiome” or “microbiota” or ”gut-skin axis”, along with variations of these terms.

Conclusion
Acne vulgaris is a complex disease. The skin and gut microbiota play a crucial role in its pathogenesis and treatment. Disruption of Cutibacterium acnes phylotype diversity, alongside its interactions with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia, contributes to its pathogenesis. Modern therapies, like probiotics and bacteriophages, may provide new treatment opportunities, but further research is needed in this area.