Metabolic disorders: a prospective target in the prostate cancer treatment complex
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2025.78.59140Keywords
prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, statins, metforminAbstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is currently one of the most socially significant world oncological diseases. In many regions PC ranks first in the structure of oncological diseases and leading position in elderly men mortality structure. Taking into account the great importance of metabolic disorders in the carcinogenesis and the aggressive course of PC, the diseases with metabolic component (cardio-vascular, obesity, diabetes mellitus) are activiely studied. Their common feature is metabolic dyslipidemia. While the feasibility and effectiveness of metabolic disorders correction in PC is the object of close attention of many researchers the results of studies are very contradictory - from a negative impact or complete absence of any effect to a significant improvement in survival rates. Correction of metabolic disorders is currently achieved by metabolic drugs, in particular, statins and metformin. Some studies have established a positive effect of this therapy on the course of PC. This indicates its prospects as an additional method in the complex therapy of PC.
References
1. Aliyev RB. Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and the concept of mechanisms of its development. Ukrainian Journal of Medicine, Biology and Sports. 2022; 7, 5 (39): 8-14. DOI: 10.26693/jmbs07.05.008
2. Kukuruza G, Kukhar M, Lesyk M, Lyubchenko O. Analysis of the impact on GDP and public finances of prostate cancer incidence and the quality of its treatment in Ukraine. Ukr. Med. Journal. 2023; 5(157): 1-7 DOI: 10.32471/umj.1680-3051.157.248119
3. Statistical collection "Distribution of the permanent population of Ukraine by sex and age" as of January 1, 2022. State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2022: P. 20
4. Tymoshenko AV. Peculiarities of the influence of metabolic syndrome on the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Clinical Oncology. 2023; 13(2): 123-126. Access mode: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/klinonk_2023_13_2_11
5. Fedorenko ZP, Gorokh EL, Gulak LO, Kutsenko LB, Sumkina OV, Ryzhov AY. 2020 – 2021. Morbidity, mortality, indicators of oncological service activity [Electronic resource]. Bulletin of the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine No. 23. 2022. Access mode: http://www.ncru.inf.ua/publications/BULL_23
6. Fedorenko ZP, Zuba VO, Gorokh EL, Gulak LO, Ryzhov AY. Ed.: Efimenko OV. Cancer in Ukraine, 2021 – 2022. Morbidity, mortality, indicators of oncological service activity [Electronic resource]. Bulletin of the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine No. 24. 2023. Access mode: http://www.ncru.inf.ua/publications/BULL_24
7. Frolkis V. Mechanisms of aging and life extension. Practitioner. 2017; 6(2): 57-66
8. Adav SS, Wang Y. Metabolomics Signatures of Aging: Recent Advances. Aging Dis. 2021 Apr 1;12(2):646-661. doi: 10.14336/AD.2020.0909.
9. Ahn HK, Lee YH, Koo KC. Current Status and Application of Metformin for Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 12;21(22):8540. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228
10. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998 Jul;15(7):539-53. doi: 1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S
11. Alemany M. The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Feb 13;25(4):2251. doi: 10.3390/ijms25042251
12. Aminsharifi A, Howard LE, Amling CL, Aronson WJ, Cooperberg MR, Kane CJ et al.. Statins are associated with increased biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in diabetic men but no association was seen in men also taking metformin: results from the SEARCH Database. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019 Feb;17(1):e140-e149. doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.020
13. Barbalata CI, Tefas LR, Achim M, Tomuta I, Porfire AS. Statins in risk-reduction and treatment of cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2020 Aug 24;11(8):573-588. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i8.573
14. Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Muzumdar RH, Bartke A. The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes. 2012 Jun;61(6):1315-22. doi: 10.2337/db11-1300
15. Beckwitt CH, Shiraha K, Wells A. Lipophilic statins limit cancer cell growth and survival, via involvement of Akt signaling. PLoS One. 2018 May 15;13(5):e0197422. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197422
16. Bergengren O, Pekala KR, Matsoukas K, Fainberg J, Mungovan SF, Bratt O et al. 2022 Update on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk factors - a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2023 Aug;84(2):191-206. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.04.021
17. Bhindi B, Locke J, Alibhai SMH, Kulkarni GS, Margel DS, Hamilton RJ et al.. Dissecting the association between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer risk: analysis of a large clinical cohort. Eur Urol. 2015 Jan;67(1):64-70. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.01.040
18. Capece M, Creta M, Calogero A, La Rocca R, Napolitano L, Barone B et al. Does physical activity regulate prostate carcinogenesis and prostate cancer outcomes? A narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 24;17(4):1441. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041441
19. Chimento A, Casaburi I, Avena P, Trotta F, De Luca A, Rago V et al. Cholesterol and its metabolites in tumor growth: therapeutic potential of statins in cancer treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Jan 21;9:807. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00807
20. Colicchia M, Morlacco A, Rangel LJ, Carlson RE, Dal Moro F, Karnes RJ. Role of metabolic syndrome on perioperative and oncological outcomes at radical prostatectomy in a low-risk prostate cancer cohort potentially eligible for active surveillance. Eur Urol Focus. 2019 May;5(3):425-432. doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.12.005
21. Danzig MR, Kotamarti S, Ghandour RA, Rothberg MB, Dubow BP, Benson MC et al. Synergism between metformin and statins in modifying the risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy in men with diabetes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015 Mar;18(1):63-8. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2014.47
22. Davierwala PM, Mohr FW. Myocardial revascularization: do age and sex matter? J Thorac Dis. 2016 Oct;8(10):E1244-E1248. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.10.45
23. DeHertS, StaenderS, FritschG, HinkelbeinJ, AfshariA, BettelliGetal. Pre-operative evaluation of adults undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: Updated guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018 Jun;35(6):407-465. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000817
24. Dickerman BA, Torfadottir JE, Valdimarsdottir UA, Wilson KM, Steingrimsdottir L, Aspelund T et al. Midlife metabolic factors and prostate cancer risk in later life. Int J Cancer. 2018 Mar 15;142(6):1166-1173. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31142.
25. Dobrowolski P, Prejbisz A, Kuryłowicz A, Baska A, Burchardt P, Chlebus K et al. Metabolic syndrome - a new definition and management guidelines: A joint position paper by the Polish Society of Hypertension, Polish Society for the Treatment of Obesity, Polish Lipid Association, Polish Association for Study of Liver, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Division of Prevention and Epidemiology Polish Cardiac Society, "Club 30" Polish Cardiac Society, and Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society of Polish Surgeons. Arch Med Sci. 2022 Aug 30;18(5):1133-1156. doi: 10.5114/aoms/152921
26. Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2022; 7: 265 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5
27. Feunteun J, Ostyn P, Delaloge S. Tumor cell malignancy: A complex trait built through reciprocal interactions between tumors and tissue-body system. iScience. 2022 Apr 8;25(5):104217. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104217
28. GBD 2021 ForecastingCollaborators. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2204-2256. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00685-8
29. Guerrios-Rivera L, Howard LE, Wiggins EK, Hoyo C, Grant DJ, Erickson TR et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with aggressive prostate cancer regardless of race. Cancer Causes Control. 2023 Mar;34(3):213-221. doi: 10.1007/s10552-022-01649-9.
30. HäggströmC, VanHemelrijckM, ZetheliusB, RobinsonD, GrundmarkB, HolmbergLetal. Prospective study of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, anti-diabetic drugs and risk of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2017 Feb 1;140(3):611-617. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30480.
31. HalmaMTJ, TuszynskiJA, MarikPE. Cancer Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target and Review of Interventions. Nutrients. 2023 Oct 1;15(19):4245. doi: 10.3390/nu15194245
32. Harborg S, Kjærgaard KA, Thomsen RW, Borgquist S, Cronin-Fenton D, Hjorth CF. New horizons: epidemiology of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cancer prognosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Mar 15;109(4):924-935. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad450
33. Harshman LC, Wang X, Nakabayashi M, Xie W, Valenca L, Werner L, et al. Statin use at the time of initiation of androgen deprivation therapy and time to progression in patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Jul;1(4):495-504. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0829
34. Hou YC, Shao YH. The effects of statins on prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy or definitive therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Jan 22;15(2):131. doi: 10.3390/ph15020131
35. Jasbi P, Nikolich-Žugich J, Patterson J, Knox KS, Jin Y, Weinstock GM, Smith P, Twigg HL 3rd, Gu H. Targeted metabolomics reveals plasma biomarkers and metabolic alterations of the aging process in healthy young and older adults. Geroscience. 2023 Dec;45(6):3131-3146. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00823-4
36. Jiménez-VacasJM, Herrero-AguayoV, Montero-HidalgoAJ, Sáez-MartínezP, Gómez-GómezE, León-GonzálezAJetal. Clinical, cellular, and molecular evidence of the additive antitumor effects of biguanides and statins in prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Jan 23;106(2):e696-e710. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa877.
37. Jung YY, Ko JH, Um JY, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Sethi G, Ahn KS. LDL cholesterol promotes the proliferation of prostate and pancreatic cancer cells by activating the STAT3 pathway. J Cell Physiol. 2021 Jul;236(7):5253-5264. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30229
38. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet: upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1514-1520. doi: 10.1001/archinte.149.7.1514
39. LebdaiS, MathieuR, LegerJ, HaillotO, VincendeauS, Rioux-LeclercqNetal. Metabolic syndrome and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with adverse pathological features in patients with prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol. 2018 Feb;36(2):80.e17-80.e24. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.09.026
40. Lee J, Giovannucci E, Jeon JY. Diabetes and mortality in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Springerplus. 2016 Sep 13;5(1):1548. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3233-y
41. LicareteE, SesarmanA, BanciuM. Exploitation of pleiotropicactions of statins by using tumour-targeted delivery systems. J Microencapsul. 2015;32(7):619-31. doi: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1073383
42. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jan;30(1):8-13. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1414
43. Mahalingam D, Hanni S, Serritella AV, Fountzilas C, Michalek J, Hernandez B, Sarantopoulos J, Datta P, Romero O, Pillai SMA, Kuhn J, Pollak M, Thompson IM. Utilizing metformin to prevent metabolic syndrome due to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT): a randomized phase II study of metformin in non-diabetic men initiating ADT for advanced prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2023 Jun 19;14:622-636. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.28458
44. Malone JI, Hansen BC. Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite? Pediatr Diabetes. 2019 Feb;20(1):5-9. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12787
45. Meng Y, Liao YB, Xu P, Wei WR, Wang J. Statin use and mortality of patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2016 Mar 21;9:1689-96. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S97993
46. MeslierV, LaiolaM, RoagerHM, DeFilippisF, RoumeH, QuinquisBetal. Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake. Gut. 2020 Jul;69(7):1258-1268. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320438
47. MoroteJ, RoperoJ, PlanasJ, BastarósJM, DelgadoG, PlacerJetal. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of aggressive prostate cancer detection. BJU Int. 2013 Jun;111(7):1031-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11406.x
48. MurtolaTJ, Syvälä H, TolonenT, HelminenM, RiikonenJ, KoskimäkiJetal. Atorvastatin Versus Placebo for Prostate Cancer Before Radical Prostatectomy-A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Eur Urol. 2018 Dec;74(6):697-701. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.037
49. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421
50. Neshat S, Rezaei A, Farid A, Sarallah R, Javanshir S, Ahmadian S. The tangled web of dyslipidemia and cancer: Is there any association? J Res Med Sci. 2022 Dec 23;27:93. doi: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_267_22
51. Pardo-Rodriguez D, Santamaría-Torres M, Salinas A, Jiménez-Charris E, Mosquera M, Cala MP, García-Perdomo HA. Unveiling disrupted lipid metabolism in benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and metastatic patients: insights from a Colombian nested case-control study. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Nov 18;15(22):5465. doi: 10.3390/cancers15225465
52. Pati S, Irfan W, Jameel A, Ahmed S, Shahid RK. Obesity and cancer: a current overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, outcomes, and management. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Jan 12;15(2):485. doi: 10.3390/cancers15020485
53. Pikala M, Burzyńska M, Maniecka-Bryła I. Epidemiology of Mortality Due to Prostate Cancer in Poland, 2000-2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Aug 12;16(16):2881. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16162881
54. Pirillo A, Norata GD. The burden of hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease in an ageing world. Pharmacol Res. 2023 Jul;193:106814. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106814
55. Platz EA, Leitzmann MF, Visvanathan K, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Statin drugs and risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Dec 20;98(24):1819-25. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djj499
56. Reaven GM. Banting lecture: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37:1595-1607. doi: 10.2337/diab.37.12.1595
57. RenC, WangQ, WangS, ZhouH, XuM, LiHetal. Metabolic syndrome-related prognostic index: Predicting biochemical recurrence and differentiating between cold and hot tumors in prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Mar 24;14:1148117. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148117
58. RitchCR, HrubyG, BadaniKK, BensonMC, McKiernanJM. Effect of statin use on biochemical outcome following radical prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2011 Oct;108(8 Pt 2):E211-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10159.x
59. Ruze R, Liu T, Zou X, Song J, Chen Y, Xu R, Yin X, Xu Q. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Apr 21;14:1161521. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.116152
60. Saidakova N.O., Shulyak О.V., Startseva L.M., Коnonova G.Е. Analysis of the state of urological care in Ukraine (2019–2020). Урологія. 2021; 25(4): 295–299. DOI: 10.26641/2307-5279.25.4.2021. 253391
61. Sawada N. Risk and preventive factors for prostate cancer in Japan: The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective (JPHC) study. J Epidemiol. 2017 Jan;27(1):2-7. doi: 10.1016/j.je.2016.09.001
62. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023; 73(1): 17-48. doi:10.3322/caac.21763
63. Siltari A, Syvälä H, Lou YR, Gao Y, Murtola TJ. Role of Lipids and Lipid Metabolism in Prostate Cancer Progression and the Tumor's Immune Environment. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Sep 1;14(17):4293. doi: 10.3390/cancers14174293
64. Su X, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Wang B. Novel insights into the pathological mechanisms of metabolic related dyslipidemia. Mol Biol Rep. 2021 Jul;48(7):5675-5687. doi: 10.1007/s11033-021-06529-0
65. Tan P, Wei S, Tang Z, Gao L, Zhang C, Nie P et al. LDL-lowering therapy and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials and 36 observational studies. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 14;6:24521. doi: 10.1038/srep24521
66. Tao H, O'Neil A, Choi Y, Wang W, Wang J, Wang Y et al. Pre- and Post-diagnosis Diabetes as a Risk Factor for All-Cause and Cancer-Specific Mortality in Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer Survivors: a Prospective Cohort Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Feb 18;11:60. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00060
67. TsengCH. The Effect of Metformin on Male Reproductive Function and Prostate: An Updated Review. World J Mens Health. 2022 Jan;40(1):11-29. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.210001
68. VidalAC, HowardLE, MoreiraDM, Castro-SantamariaR, AndrioleGLJr, FreedlandSJ. Obesity increases the risk for high-grade prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Dec;23(12):2936-42. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0795.
69. WangY, LiuG, TongD, ParmarH, HasenmayerD, YuanW, ZhangD, JiangJ. Metforminrepressesandrogen-dependentandandrogen-independentprostatecancersbytargetingandrogenreceptor. Prostate. 2015 Aug 1;75(11):1187-96. doi: 10.1002/pros.23000
70. Yang J, Shay C, Saba NF, Teng Y. Cancer metabolism and carcinogenesis. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2024 Jan 29;13(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40164-024-00482-x
71. Yang U, Harikrishna A, Preda V, Chen J. Efficacy of multidisciplinary interventions in preventing metabolic syndrome and improving body composition in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023 Dec;58:27-49. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.001
72. Yin P, Han S, Hu Q, Tong S. The association of statin use and biochemical recurrence after curative treatment for prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jan 7;101(1):e28513. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028513
73. Yu O, Eberg M, Benayoun S, Aprikian A, Batist G, Suissa S, Azoulay L. Use of statins and the risk of death in patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jan 1;32(1):5-11. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.49.4757
74. Zadra G., Ribeiro C.F., Chetta P., Ho Y., Cacciatore S., Gao X., Syamala S., Bango C., Photopoulos C., Huang Y., et al. Inhibition of de novo lipogenesis targets androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2018;116:631–640. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808834116
75. Zhou Q, Jiao Z, Liu Y, Devreotes PN, Zhang Z. The effects of statins in patients with advanced-stage cancers - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2023 Aug 18;13:1234713. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1234713
76. 69. WangY, LiuG, TongD, ParmarH, HasenmayerD, YuanW, ZhangD, JiangJ. Metforminrepressesandrogen-dependentandandrogen-independentprostatecancersbytargetingandrogenreceptor. Prostate. 2015 Aug 1;75(11):1187-96. doi: 10.1002/pros.23000
77. Yang J, Shay C, Saba NF, Teng Y. Cancer metabolism and carcinogenesis. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2024 Jan 29;13(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s40164-024-00482-x
78. Yang U, Harikrishna A, Preda V, Chen J. Efficacy of multidisciplinary interventions in preventing metabolic syndrome and improving body composition in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2023 Dec;58:27-49. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.001
79. Yin P, Han S, Hu Q, Tong S. The association of statin use and biochemical recurrence after curative treatment for prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jan 7;101(1):e28513. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028513
80. Yu O, Eberg M, Benayoun S, Aprikian A, Batist G, Suissa S, Azoulay L. Use of statins and the risk of death in patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jan 1;32(1):5-11. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.49.4757
81. Zadra G., Ribeiro C.F., Chetta P., Ho Y., Cacciatore S., Gao X., Syamala S., Bango C., Photopoulos C., Huang Y., et al. Inhibition of de novo lipogenesis targets androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2018;116:631–640. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808834116
82. Zhou Q, Jiao Z, Liu Y, Devreotes PN, Zhang Z. The effects of statins in patients with advanced-stage cancers - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2023 Aug 18;13:1234713. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1234713
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 T. Nalbandian, I. Antonyan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 31
Number of citations: 0