Gut Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases - Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2025.79.58307Keywords
Gut microbiota, chronic inflammation, inflammatory bowel diseases, microbial dysregulation, therapeutic strategiesAbstract
Introduction
The gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, is integral to various bodily functions.
Understanding the role of gut microbiota is essential due to its significant influence on human health and disease. Current research indicates that gut microbiota can modulate immune responses and maintain homeostasis.
Despite extensive studies, the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences chronic inflammatory diseases remain unclear.
Investigating the interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system can provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory diseases.
Aim of the study
This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which gut microbiota affects immune responses, particularly in chronic inflammatory conditions. We hypothesize that alterations in gut microbiota composition can significantly modulate immune responses, thereby influencing the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Conclusions
We discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiota for chronic inflammatory diseases that encompass several approaches. These include the administration of probiotics and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), diverse dietary modifications. Personalized microbiome-based therapies offer tailored interventions that combine various methodologies. Further scientific investigation is necessary to comprehensively elucidate and optimize these therapeutic strategies.
References
1. Alswat, A. S. (2024). The Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Host Health: A Focus on the Gut–Lung Axis and Therapeutic Approaches. Life, 14(10), 1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101279
2. Bakker, G. J., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2017). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Therapeutic Potential for a Multitude of Diseases beyond Clostridium difficile. Microbiology Spectrum, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0008-2017
3. Cammarota, G., Gasbarrini, A., Ianiro, G., & Bibbò, S. (2014). Gut microbiota modulation: probiotics, antibiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation? Internal and Emergency Medicine, 9(4), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-014-1069-4
4. Catassi, G., Catassi, G., Cammarota, G., Ianiro, G., Aloi, M., Ianiro, G., Cammarota, G., Ianiro, G., Gasbarrini, A., Gasbarrini, A., Giorgio, V., Cammarota, G., & Gasbarrini, A. (2024). The Role of Diet and Nutritional Interventions for the Infant Gut Microbiome. Nutrients, 16(3), 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030400
5. Cheng, H. S., Tan, S. P., Wong, D. M. K., Koo, W. L. Y., Wong, S. H., & Tan, N. S. (2023). The Blood Microbiome and Health: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Challenges. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), 5633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065633
6. Dale, H. F., & Lied, G. A. (2020). Gut microbiota and therapeutic approaches for dysbiosis in irritable bowel syndrome: recent developments and future perspectives. TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 50(SI-2), 1632–1641. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2002-57
7. Diamanti, A. P., D’Amelio, R., Manuela Rosado, M., & Laganà, B. (2016). Microbiota and chronic inflammatory arthritis: an interwoven link. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0989-3
8. Eom, T., Choi, C. H., Kim, Y. S., Unno, T., & Sadowsky, M. J. (2018). Current understanding of microbiota- and dietary-therapies for treating inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Microbiology, 56(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8049-8
9. Fountain‐Jones, N. M., Giraud, T., Zinger, L., Creer, S., Bik, H., & Videvall, E. (2023). Molecular ecology of microbiomes in the wild: Common pitfalls, methodological advances and future directions. Molecular Ecology, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17223
10. Fuentes-Chust, C., Parolo, C., Rosati, G., Rivas, L., Perez-Toralla, K., Simon, S., De Lecuona, I., Junot, C., Trebicka, J., & Merkoçi, A. (2021). The Microbiome Meets Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges in Developing New Diagnostic Devices. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 33(18), 2006104. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006104
11. Gasaly, N., Hermoso, M. A., & De Vos, P. (2021). Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and Its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology, 12(NOV). https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.658354
12. Goodoory, V. C., Khasawneh, M., Black, C. J., Quigley, E. M. M., Moayyedi, P., & Ford, A. C. (2023). Efficacy of Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 165(5), 1206–1218. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.018
13. Hörmannsperger, G., & Haller, D. (2009). Molecular crosstalk of probiotic bacteria with the intestinal immune system: Clinical relevance in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 300(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.006
14. Kajander, K., Karjalainen, H., Krogius‐Kurikka, L., Korpela, R., Palva, A., & Rinttilä, T. (2007). Effects of multispecies probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 26(3), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03391.x
15. Kim, D., Núñez, G., & Zeng, M. Y. (2017). The interplay between host immune cells and gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 49(5), e339. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2017.24
16. Matsuoka, K., & Kanai, T. (2014). The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease. Seminars in Immunopathology, 37(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0454-4
17. Mazzawi, T. (2022). Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Microorganisms, 10(7), 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071332
18. Mazzawi, T. (2022). Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Microorganisms, 10(7), 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071332
19. Ooi, S. L., Correa, D., & Pak, S. C. (2019). Probiotics, prebiotics, and low FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome – What is the current evidence? Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 43, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.010
20. Papadakis, G. Z., Marias, K., Tsatsakis, A., Karantanas, A. H., Spandidos, D. A., & Tsiknakis, M. (2019). Deep learning opens new horizons in personalized medicine. Biomedical Reports, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2019.1199
21. Parkin, K., Verhasselt, V., Christophersen, C. T., Martino, D., & Cooper, M. N. (2021). Risk Factors for Gut Dysbiosis in Early Life. Microorganisms, 9(10), 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102066
22. Qi, Y., Yang, Z., Zhou, Y.-F., Wu, H.-M., Jin, L., Wang, F.-Y., & Yang, M.-F. (2021). New Insights into the Role of Oral Microbiota Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 67(1), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-021-06837-2
23. Rehman, T. (2012). Role of the Gut Microbiota in Age-Related Chronic Inflammation. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets, 12(4), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.2174/187153012803832620
24. Romero-Figueroa, M. D. S., Ramírez-Durán, N., Montiel-Jarquín, A. J., & Horta-Baas, G. (2023). Gut-joint axis: Gut dysbiosis can contribute to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis via multiple pathways. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1092118
25. Serra, D., Dinis, T. C. P., & Almeida, L. M. (2019). The Impact of Chronic Intestinal Inflammation on Brain Disorders: the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Molecular Neurobiology, 56(10), 6941–6951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1572-8
26. Shabbir, U., Tyagi, A., Elahi, F., Aloo, S. O., & Oh, D.-H. (2021). The Potential Role of Polyphenols in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants, 10(9), 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091370
27. Shukla, V., Singh, S., Verma, S., Verma, S., Rizvi, A. A., & Abbas, M. (2024). Targeting the microbiome to improve human health with the approach of personalized medicine: Latest aspects and current updates. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 63, 813–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.08.005
28. Spiller, R. (2008). Review article: probiotics and prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 28(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03750.x
29. Sultan, S., Ahmed, T. A. E., Hassan, H., El-Mowafy, M., Elgaml, A., & Mottawea, W. (2021). Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 12(977). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.715506
30. Teyssier, A., Matthysen, E., White, J., & Lens, L. (2018). Dynamics of Gut Microbiota Diversity During the Early Development of an Avian Host: Evidence From a Cross-Foster Experiment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(e10463). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01524
31. Toubon, G., Nicolis, I., Zaros, C., Delannoy, J., Aires, J., Ancel, P.-Y., Charles, M.-A., Butel, M.-J., & Rozé, J.-C. (2023). Early Life Factors Influencing Children Gut Microbiota at 3.5 Years from Two French Birth Cohorts. Microorganisms, 11(6), 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061390
32. Wen, L., & Duffy, A. (2017). Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Nutrition, 147(7), 1468S-1475S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.240754
33. Wu, Y., Zheng, Q., Li, L., & Li, Y. (2024). The Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 16(13), 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132114
34. Xie, P., Xiong, L., Luo, M., Deng, X., & Fan, J. (2023). Outcome-Specific Efficacy of Different Probiotic Strains and Mixtures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15(17), 3856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173856
35. Xu, H., Zhang, H., Sun, Z., Kwok, L.-Y., Liu, Y., Chen, P., Ma, C., Zhao, F., & Cui, L. (2020). Adjunctive treatment with probiotics partially alleviates symptoms and reduces inflammation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Nutrition, 60(5), 2553–2565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02437-4
36. Yang, R., Chen, Z., & Cai, J. (2023). Fecal microbiota transplantation: Emerging applications in autoimmune diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity, 141, 103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103038
37. Yang, R., Wang, J., Gao, R., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zhong, H., Qin, H., & Cui, S. (2019). Dynamic signatures of gut microbiota and influences of delivery and feeding modes during the first 6 months of life. Physiological Genomics, 51(8), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00026.2019
38. Zhang, W. X., Zhou, M. S., Shi, H. Y., Shi, L. B., & Wu, J. (2023). Efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 72(9). https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001758
39. Zhou, P., Patil, S., Chen, C., & Dong, S. (2024). Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1355542
40. Zmora, N., Segal, E., Zeevi, D., Elinav, E., & Korem, T. (2016). Taking it Personally: Personalized Utilization of the Human Microbiome in Health and Disease. Cell Host & Microbe, 19(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.016
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Joanna Zygadło, Kamila Jałocha, Piotr Bakuła
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 262
Number of citations: 0
