Case of Tetanus with Streptococcus Pyogenes Superinfection in a Thirteen-Year-Old Boy with Unknown Vaccination History: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study

Abstract

Introduction and Aim: Tetanus is a severe, potentially fatal disease caused by *Clostridium tetani*, a bacterium that produces a neurotoxin affecting the nervous system. This toxin impairs muscle contraction control, leading to characteristic symptoms such as trismus (lockjaw), muscle spasms, odynophagia, and high fever. Advanced cases may involve seizures and respiratory difficulties due to laryngeal muscle spasms. We aim to present a pediatric case of tetanus to highlight the clinical manifestations, treatment approach, and recovery process.  

Description of the Case: A thirteen-year-old Ukrainian boy with an unknown vaccination history was admitted to the pediatric infectious diseases unit with suspected tetanus. The disease presented with trismus, pain in the masticatory muscles, and discomfort in the tongue. Treatment involved the administration of human tetanus immunoglobulin, metronidazole, and penicillin. Over several days, the symptoms gradually subsided, and the patient experienced significant improvement.  

Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment in managing tetanus, particularly in patients with unknown vaccination histories. Early intervention, including immunoglobulin administration and appropriate antibiotics, can lead to a favorable outcome. The patient was discharged with medical recommendations and a follow-up plan, emphasizing the importance of vaccination in preventing this potentially life-threatening disease.