Brewed for Performance: Caffeine’s Impact on Nutrition, Endurance and Strength in Sports
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2025.77.56957Keywords
Caffeine, Endurance, Strength, Sport, Post-Exercise RecoveryAbstract
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed and studied stimulants worldwide with a long history in athletics as a performance enhancer. Although listed as a stimulant in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA’s) 2024 Monitoring Program, its use is not prohibited. Individual responses to caffeine vary widely due to factors like genetics, age, and lifestyle habits, such as smoking and diet.
This paper examines caffeine's multifaced role in human metabolism, with an emphasis on athletes' training (endurance and strength) and post-exercise recovery.
Our comprehensive review of literature indicates that caffeine typically ingested one hour before exercise in doses around 3-6 mg/kg raises metabolic rate, increases free fatty acids mobilization, extends time to exhaustion in running and cycling, improves maximal voluntary contraction and enhances high-speed muscular activity with low-load movements. It also blocks pain perception. These findings highlight caffeine’s role in endurance and strength sports. However, due to inconsistencies, further research is needed to develop exercise-specific protocols considering dose, timing, and training status.
Caffeine aids recovery by reducing delayed - onset muscle soreness, improving glycogen resynthesis, and reducing fatigue. However, late consumption may affect sleep, requiring careful timing and dosage adjustments. Moreover, potential side and positive effects of caffeine ingestion need to be considered.
References
Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015;37:275–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012.
Fredholm B. Notes on the History of Caffeine Use. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011;200:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_1.
Satel S. Is Caffeine Addictive?—A Review of the Literature. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2006;32:493–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990600918965.
Burke LM. Caffeine and sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab Physiol Appl Nutr Metab 2008;33 6:1319–34.
Eichner ER. Sports Medicine Pearls and Pitfalls: Java Jolt. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009;8.
Del Coso J, Muñoz G, Muñoz-Guerra J. Prevalence of caffeine use in elite athletes following its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list of banned substances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011;36:555–61. https://doi.org/10.1139/h11-052.
Nehlig A. Interindividual Differences in Caffeine Metabolism and Factors Driving Caffeine Consumption. Pharmacol Rev 2018;70:384. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.014407.
Neves DB da J, Caldas ED. Determination of caffeine and identification of undeclared substances in dietary supplements and caffeine dietary exposure assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;105:194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.063.
Echeverri D, Montes FR, Cabrera M, Galán A, Prieto A. Caffeine′s Vascular Mechanisms of Action. Int J Vasc Med 2010;2010:834060. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/834060.
Sebastião AM, Ribeiro JA. Adenosine receptors and the central nervous system. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009;193:471–534.
Shen JG, Brooks MB, Cincotta J, Manjourides J. Establishing a relationship between the effect of caffeine and duration of endurance athletic time trial events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2019;22 2:232–8.
Fiani B, Zhu L, Musch B, Briceno SA, Andel R, Sadeq NA, et al. The Neurophysiology of Caffeine as a Central Nervous System Stimulant and the Resultant Effects on Cognitive Function. Cureus 2021;13.
Howald H, Decombaz J. Nutrient Intake and Energy Regulation in Physical Exercise. In: Mauron J, editor. Nutr. Adequacy Nutr. Availab. Needs Nestlé Nutr. Res. Symp. Vevey Sept. 14–15 1982, Basel: Birkhäuser Basel; 1983, p. 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6540-1_6.
Acheson KJ, Zahorska‐Markiewicz B, Pittet P, Anantharaman K, Jéquier E. Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33 5:989–97.
Hawley JA, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE. Strategies to Enhance Fat Utilisation During Exercise. Sports Med 1998;25:241–57.
Graham TE, Spriet LL. Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:867–74. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.867.
Spriet LL, MacLean DA, Dyck DJ, Hultman E, Cederblad G, Graham TE. Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab 1992;262:E891–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.262.6.E891.
Powers SK, Byrd RJ, Tulley R, Callender T. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during graded exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1983;50:301–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00423236.
Maclean PS, Winder WW. Caffeine decreases malonyl-CoA in isolated perfused skeletal muscle of rats. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:1496–501. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1496.
Anselme F, Collomp K, Mercier B, Ahmaïdi S, Prefaut Ch. Caffeine increases maximal anaerobic power and blood lactate concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992;65:188–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705079.
WINDER WW. Control of hepatic glucose production during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985;17.
Graham TE, Rush JWE, Soeren MH van. Caffeine and Exercise: Metabolism and Performance. Can J Appl Physiol 1994;19:111–38. https://doi.org/10.1139/h94-010.
Costill D, Dalsky G, Fink W. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports 1978;10:155–8.
Graham TE, Hibbert E, Sathasivam P. Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:883–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.883.
Davis JM, Zhao Z, Stock HS, Mehl KA, Buggy J, Hand GA. Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003;284:R399–404. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00386.2002.
Graham TE, Spriet LL. Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol 1991;71:2292–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2292.
BLACK CD, WADDELL DE, GONGLACH AR. Caffeine’s Ergogenic Effects on Cycling: Neuromuscular and Perceptual Factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015;47.
Ganio MS, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Effect of Caffeine on Sport-Specific Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23.
Desbrow B, Biddulph C, Devlin B, Grant GD, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Leveritt MD. The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance. J Sports Sci 2012;30:115–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.632431.
Southward K, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Ali A. Correction to: The Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018;48:2425–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0967-4.
Higgins S, Straight CR, Lewis RD. The Effects of Preexercise Caffeinated Coffee Ingestion on Endurance Performance: An Evidence-Based Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2016;26:221–39. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0147.
Davenport AD, Jameson TSO, Kilroe SP, Monteyne AJ, Pavis GF, Wall BT, et al. A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Investigating the Optimal Timing of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement for Exercise Performance. Sports Med - Open 2020;6:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00246-x.
Walton C, Kalmar J, Cafarelli E. Caffeine increases spinal excitability in humans. Muscle Nerve 2003;28:359–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10457.
Kalmar JM, Cafarelli E. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:801–8. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.801.
Tarnopolsky M, Cupido C. Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers. J Appl Physiol 2000;89:1719–24. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1719.
Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Montini M, Figura F, Sacchetti M. Caffeine improves neuromuscular function during maximal dynamic exercise. Muscle Nerve 2011;43:839–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21995.
WARREN GL, PARK ND, MARESCA RD, MCKIBANS KI, MILLARD-STAFFORD ML. Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42.
Tsuda S, Egawa T, Kitani K, Oshima R, Ma X, Hayashi T. Caffeine and contraction synergistically stimulate 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase and insulin-independent glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2015;3:e12592. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12592.
Williams JH, Signorile JF, Barnes WS, Henrich TW. Caffeine, maximal power output and fatigue. Br J Sports Med 1988;22:132. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.22.4.132.
Williams JH. Caffeine, neuromuscular function and high-intensity exercise performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1991;31 3:481–9.
Jackman M, Wendling P, Friars D, Graham TE. Metabolic, catecholamine, and endurance responses to caffeine during intense exercise. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:1658–63. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1658.
Duncan MJ, Thake CD, Downs PJ. Effect of caffeine ingestion on torque and muscle activity during resistance exercise in men. Muscle Nerve 2014;50:523–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.24179.
Grgic J. Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research. Sports Med 2021;51:2281–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01521-x.
Glaister M, Muniz-Pumares D, Patterson SD, Foley P, McInnes G. Caffeine supplementation and peak anaerobic power output. Eur J Sport Sci 2015;15:400–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.962619.
Bond V, Gresham K, McRae J, Tearney RJ. Caffeine ingestion and isokinetic strength. Br J Sports Med 1986;20:135. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.20.3.135.
Collomp K, Ahmaidi S, Audran M, Jl C, Prefaut CG. Effects of caffeine ingestion on performance and anaerobic metabolism during the Wingate Test. Int J Sports Med 1991;12 5:439–43.
Greer FA, McLean C, Graham TE. Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests. J Appl Physiol 1998;85 4:1502–8.
Grgic J. Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2018;18:219–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1394371.
Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010;7:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-5.
Astorino TA, Roberson DW. Efficacy of Acute Caffeine Ingestion for Short-term High-Intensity Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24.
Altimari LR, Moraes AC de, Tirapegui J, Moreau RL de M. Cafeína e performance em exercícios anaeróbios. Rev Bras Cienc Farm 2006;42:17–27.
Caputo F, Aguiar RA de, Turnes T, Silveira BL da. Cafeína e desempenho anaeróbio. Rev Bras Cineantropometria E Desempenho Hum 2012;14:602–14.
Beck TW, Housh TJ, Schmidt R, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Coburn JW, et al. THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF A CAFFEINE‐CONTAINING SUPPLEMENT ON STRENGTH,MUSCULAR ENDURANCE, AND ANAEROBIC CAPABILITIES. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20:506–10.
Astorino TA, Martin BJ, Schachtsiek L, Wong K, Ng K. Minimal Effect of Acute Caffeine Ingestion on Intense Resistance Training Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25.
Wilk M, Filip A, Krzysztofik M, Maszczyk A, Zajac A. The Acute Effect of Various Doses of Caffeine on Power Output and Velocity during the Bench Press Exercise among Athletes Habitually Using Caffeine. Nutrients 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071465.
Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Filip A, Zajac A, Del Coso J. The Effects of High Doses of Caffeine on Maximal Strength and Muscular Endurance in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine. Nutrients 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081912.
Grgic J, Sabol F, Venier S, Tallis J, Schoenfeld BJ, Coso JD, et al. Caffeine Supplementation for Powerlifting Competitions: An Evidence-Based Approach. J Hum Kinet 2019;68:37–48.
PALLARÉS JG, FERNÁNDEZ-ELÍAS VE, ORTEGA JF, MUÑOZ G, MUÑOZ-GUERRA J, MORA-RODRÍGUEZ R. Neuromuscular Responses to Incremental Caffeine Doses: Performance and Side Effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;45.
Sökmen B, Armstrong LE, Kraemer WJ, Casa DJ, Dias JC, Judelson DA, et al. Caffeine Use in Sports: Considerations for the Athlete. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22.
Burke LM, Van Loon LJC, Hawley JA. Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. J Appl Physiol 2017;122:1055–67. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2016.
Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016;48:543–68. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852.
Williams C, Rollo I. Carbohydrate Nutrition and Team Sport Performance. Sports Med Auckl NZ 2015;45 Suppl 1:S13-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0399-3.
Moore DR. Nutrition to Support Recovery from Endurance Exercise: Optimal Carbohydrate and Protein Replacement. Curr Sports Med Rep 2015;14:294–300. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000180.
Taylor C, Higham D, Close GL, Morton JP. The effect of adding caffeine to postexercise carbohydrate feeding on subsequent high-intensity interval-running capacity compared with carbohydrate alone. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2011;21:410–6. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.410.
Pedersen DJ, Lessard SJ, Coffey VG, Churchley EG, Wootton AM, Ng T, et al. High rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis after exhaustive exercise when carbohydrate is coingested with caffeine. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985 2008;105:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2007.
Loureiro LMR, Dos Santos Neto E, Molina GE, Amato AA, Arruda SF, Reis CEG, et al. Coffee Increases Post-Exercise Muscle Glycogen Recovery in Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021;13:3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103335.
Beelen M, Kranenburg J van, Senden JM, Kuipers H, Loon LJC van. Impact of caffeine and protein on postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:692–700. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823a40ef.
Loureiro LMR, Reis CEG, da Costa THM. Effects of Coffee Components on Muscle Glycogen Recovery: A Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018;28:284–93. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0342.
Mellbye FB, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S. Cafestol, a Bioactive Substance in Coffee, Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Increases Glucose Uptake in Muscle Cells: Studies in Vitro. J Nat Prod 2015;78:2447–51. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00481.
Egawa T, Hamada T, Ma X, Karaike K, Kameda N, Masuda S, et al. Caffeine activates preferentially α1-isoform of 5’AMP-activated protein kinase in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Oxf Engl 2011;201:227–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02169.x.
Battram DS, Arthur R, Weekes A, Graham TE. The glucose intolerance induced by caffeinated coffee ingestion is less pronounced than that due to alkaloid caffeine in men. J Nutr 2006;136:1276–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.5.1276.
Esteca MV, Divino IA, Vieira da Silva AL, Severino MB, Braga RR, Ropelle ER, et al. Parkin is a critical player in the effects of caffeine over mitochondrial quality control pathways during skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. Acta Physiol Oxf Engl 2024;240:e14111. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.14111.
Connolly DAJ, Sayers SP, McHugh MP. Treatment and prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res 2003;17:197–208. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0197:tapodo>2.0.co;2.
Maridakis V, O’Connor PJ, Dudley GA, McCully KK. Caffeine attenuates delayed-onset muscle pain and force loss following eccentric exercise. J Pain 2007;8:237–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2006.08.006.
Hurley CF, Hatfield DL, Riebe DA. The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. J Strength Cond Res 2013;27:3101–9. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a99477.
Chen H-Y, Chen Y-C, Tung K, Chao H-H, Wang H-S. Effects of caffeine and sex on muscle performance and delayed-onset muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage: a double-blind randomized trial. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985 2019;127:798–805. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01108.2018.
Karabalaeifar S, Hefzollesan M, Behpoor N, Ghalehgir S. EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE AMOUNT OF PERCEIVED PAIN, JOINT RANGE OF MOTION AND EDEMA AFTER DELAYED MUSCLE SORENESS 2013:632281 Bytes. https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.106947.
Cortez L, Mackay K, Contreras E, Peñailillo L. Efecto agudo de la ingestión de cafeína sobre el tiempo de reacción y la actividad electromiográfica de la patada circular Dollyo Chagi en taekwondistas. [Acute effect of caffeine ingestion on reaction time and electromyographic activity of the Dollyo Chagi round kick in taekwondo fighters]. RICYDE Rev Int Cienc Deporte 2017;13:52–62. https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2017.04704.
San Juan AF, López-Samanes Á, Jodra P, Valenzuela PL, Rueda J, Veiga-Herreros P, et al. Caffeine Supplementation Improves Anaerobic Performance and Neuromuscular Efficiency and Fatigue in Olympic-Level Boxers. Nutrients 2019;11:2120. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092120.
Bird SP. Sleep, Recovery, and Athletic Performance: A Brief Review and Recommendations. Strength Cond J 2013;35:43–7. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182a62e2f.
Sargent C, Lastella M, Halson SL, Roach GD. How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021;16:1746–57. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0896.
Gao B, Dwivedi S, Milewski MD, Cruz AI. Lack of Sleep and Sports Injuries in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2019;39:e324–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000001306.
Watson A, Johnson M, Sanfilippo J. Decreased Sleep Is an Independent Predictor of In-Season Injury in Male Collegiate Basketball Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2020;8:2325967120964481. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120964481.
Juliff LE, Halson SL, Hebert JJ, Forsyth PL, Peiffer JJ. Longer Sleep Durations Are Positively Associated With Finishing Place During a National Multiday Netball Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2018;32:189–94. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001793.
Reyner LA, Horne JA. Sleep restriction and serving accuracy in performance tennis players, and effects of caffeine. Physiol Behav 2013;120:93–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.002.
Brandt R, Bevilacqua GG, Andrade A. Perceived Sleep Quality, Mood States, and Their Relationship With Performance Among Brazilian Elite Athletes During a Competitive Period. J Strength Cond Res 2017;31:1033–9. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001551.
Walsh NP, Halson SL, Sargent C, Roach GD, Nédélec M, Gupta L, et al. Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. Br J Sports Med 2020:bjsports-2020-102025. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025.
Erlacher D, Ehrlenspiel F, Adegbesan OA, El-Din HG. Sleep habits in German athletes before important competitions or games. J Sports Sci 2011;29:859–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.565782.
Fullagar HHK, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med Auckl NZ 2015;45:161–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0.
Miller B, O’Connor H, Orr R, Ruell P, Cheng HL, Chow CM. Combined caffeine and carbohydrate ingestion: effects on nocturnal sleep and exercise performance in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014;114:2529–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2973-z.
Clark I, Landolt HP. Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev 2017;31:70–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.006.
Myllymäki T, Kyröläinen H, Savolainen K, Hokka L, Jakonen R, Juuti T, et al. Effects of vigorous late-night exercise on sleep quality and cardiac autonomic activity. J Sleep Res 2011;20:146–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00874.x.
Nédélec M, Halson S, Abaidia A-E, Ahmaidi S, Dupont G. Stress, Sleep and Recovery in Elite Soccer: A Critical Review of the Literature. Sports Med Auckl NZ 2015;45:1387–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0358-z.
Dunican IC, Higgins CC, Jones MJ, Clarke MW, Murray K, Dawson B, et al. Caffeine use in a Super Rugby game and its relationship to post-game sleep. Eur J Sport Sci 2018;18:513–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1433238.
Ramos-Campo DJ, Pérez A, Ávila-Gandía V, Pérez-Piñero S, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Impact of Caffeine Intake on 800-m Running Performance and Sleep Quality in Trained Runners. Nutrients 2019;11:2040. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092040.
Caia J, Halson SL, Holmberg PM, Kelly VG. Does Caffeine Consumption Influence Postcompetition Sleep in Professional Rugby League Athletes? A Case Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022;17:126–9. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0841.
Vandenbogaerde TJ, Hopkins WG. Monitoring acute effects on athletic performance with mixed linear modeling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:1339–44. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cf7f3f.
Ali A, O’Donnell JM, Starck C, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ. The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion during Evening Exercise on Subsequent Sleep Quality in Females. Int J Sports Med 2015;36:433–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1398580.
Raya-González J, Scanlan AT, Soto-Célix M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Castillo D. Caffeine Ingestion Improves Performance During Fitness Tests but Does Not Alter Activity During Simulated Games in Professional Basketball Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021;16:387–94. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0144.
Moss K, Zhang Y, Kreutzer A, Graybeal AJ, Porter RR, Braun-Trocchio R, et al. The Relationship Between Dietary Intake and Sleep Quality in Endurance Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022;4:810402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.810402.
Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;09:1195–200. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3170.
Benowitz NL. Clinical pharmacology of caffeine. Annu Rev Med 1990;41:277–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.41.020190.001425.
Scapec B, Grgic J, Varovic D, Mikulic P. Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhances muscular endurance, strength, and power. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024;21:2400513. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2400513.
Salinero JJ, Lara B, Abian-Vicen J, Gonzalez-Millán C, Areces F, Gallo-Salazar C, et al. The use of energy drinks in sport: perceived ergogenicity and side effects in male and female athletes. Br J Nutr 2014;112:1494–502. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514002189.
Kim SJ, Lee JH, Kim IS, Jang KH, Duffy JF. Self-Reported Sleep Duration, Daytime Sleepiness, and Caffeine Use in Male and Female Morning and Evening Types. Sleep Med Res 2012;3:32–8. https://doi.org/10.17241/smr.2012.3.2.32.
Tallis J, Higgins MF, Cox VM, Duncan MJ, James RS. An exercise-induced improvement in isolated skeletal muscle contractility does not affect the performance-enhancing benefit of 70 µmol l-1 caffeine treatment. J Exp Biol 2018;221:jeb190132. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.190132.
Barnard J, Roberts S, Lastella M, Aisbett B, Condo D. The Impact of Dietary Factors on the Sleep of Athletically Trained Populations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022;14:3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163271.
Nowakowska A, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Buryta R, Nowak R. Blood Biomarkers of Recovery Efficiency in Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:3279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183279.
Machado M, Breder AC, Ximenes MC, Simões JR, Vigo JFF. Caffeine Supplementation and muscle damage in soccer players. Braz J Pharm Sci 2009;45:257–61. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502009000200010.
Ximenes MC, Machado M, Hackney AC, Simões JR, Vigo JFF, Breder AC. Effect of short term caffeine supplementation and intermittent exercise on muscle damage markerseffect of short term caffeine supplementation and intermittent exercise on muscle damage markers n.d. https://doi.org/10.17615/RFF8-SZ97.
Gonçalves L de S, Painelli V de S, Yamaguchi G, Oliveira LF de, Saunders B, da Silva RP, et al. Dispelling the myth that habitual caffeine consumption influences the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985 2017;123:213–20. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017.
Bell DG, McLellan TM. Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. J Appl Physiol Bethesda Md 1985 2002;93:1227–34. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2002.
Lara B, Gonzalez-Millán C, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, Areces F, Barbero-Alvarez JC, et al. Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players. Amino Acids 2014;46:1385–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1709-z.
Pasman WJ, van Baak MA, Jeukendrup AE, de Haan A. The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. Int J Sports Med 1995;16:225–30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972996.
Schwenk TL, Costley CD. When food becomes a drug: nonanabolic nutritional supplement use in athletes. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:907–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300062701.
Silverman K, Griffiths RR. Low-dose caffeine discrimination and self-reported mood effects in normal volunteers. J Exp Anal Behav 1992;57:91–107. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1992.57-91.
Bchir F, Dogui M, Ben Fradj R, Arnaud MJ, Saguem S. Differences in pharmacokinetic and electroencephalographic responses to caffeine in sleep-sensitive and non-sensitive subjects. C R Biol 2006;329:512–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2006.01.006.
Bruce M, Scott N, Shine P, Lader M. Anxiogenic effects of caffeine in patients with anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:867–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820110031004.
Charney DS, Heninger GR, Jatlow PI. Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:233–43. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790260027003.
Nardi AE, Lopes FL, Freire RC, Veras AB, Nascimento I, Valença AM, et al. Panic disorder and social anxiety disorder subtypes in a caffeine challenge test. Psychiatry Res 2009;169:149–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.023.
Lee MA, Cameron OG, Greden JF. Anxiety and caffeine consumption in people with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res 1985;15:211–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(85)90078-2.
Domaszewski P. Gender Differences in the Frequency of Positive and Negative Effects after Acute Caffeine Consumption. Nutrients 2023;15:1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061318.
Skinner TL, Jenkins DG, Leveritt MD, McGorm A, Bolam KA, Coombes JS, et al. Factors influencing serum caffeine concentrations following caffeine ingestion. J Sci Med Sport 2014;17:516–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.07.006.
Domaszewski P, Konieczny M, Dybek T, Łukaniszyn-Domaszewska K, Anton S, Sadowska-Krępa E, et al. Comparison of the effects of six-week time-restricted eating on weight loss, body composition, and visceral fat in overweight older men and women. Exp Gerontol 2023;174:112116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2023.112116.
Domaszewski P, Konieczny M, Pakosz P, Łukaniszyn-Domaszewska K, Mikuláková W, Sadowska-Krępa E, et al. Effect of a six-week times restricted eating intervention on the body composition in early elderly men with overweight. Sci Rep 2022;12:9816. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13904-9.
Hartley TR, Sung BH, Pincomb GA, Whitsett TL, Wilson MF, Lovallo WR. Hypertension risk status and effect of caffeine on blood pressure. Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979 2000;36:137–41. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.36.1.137.
Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Armstrong MA. Coffee use prior to myocardial infarction restudied: heavier intake may increase the risk. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:479–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115684.
Sawynok J. Caffeine and pain. Pain 2011;152:726–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.011.
Umemura T, Ueda K, Nishioka K, Hidaka T, Takemoto H, Nakamura S, et al. Effects of acute administration of caffeine on vascular function. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:1538–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.058.
Brunyé TT, Mahoney CR, Lieberman HR, Taylor HA. Caffeine modulates attention network function. Brain Cogn 2010;72:181–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.013.
Van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health. N Engl J Med 2020;383:369–78. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1816604.
Said A, Van De Vegte YJ, Verweij N, Van Der Harst P. Associations of observational and genetically determined caffeine intake with coronary artery disease and diabetes. Eur Heart J 2020;41:ehaa946.1493. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1493.
Pomportes L, Davranche K, Brisswalter I, Hays A, Brisswalter J. Heart rate variability and cognitive function following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplementation with added guarana (Paullinia cupana). Nutrients 2014;7:196–208. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7010196.
Ciruela F, Casadó V, Rodrigues RJ, Luján R, Burgueño J, Canals M, et al. Presynaptic control of striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission by adenosine A1-A2A receptor heteromers. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2006;26:2080–7. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3574-05.2006.
Fang C, Cai X, Hayashi S, Hao S, Sakiyama H, Wang X, et al. Caffeine-stimulated muscle IL-6 mediates alleviation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019;1864:271–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.003.
Miao Y, Zhao L, Lei S, Zhao C, Wang Q, Tan C, et al. Caffeine regulates both osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation via the AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways. Front Pharmacol 2024;15:1405173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1405173.
Cauli O, Morelli M. Caffeine and the dopaminergic system. Behav Pharmacol 2005;16:63–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200503000-00001.
Fenu S, Cauli O, Morelli M. Cross-sensitization between the motor activating effects of bromocriptine and caffeine: role of adenosine A(2A) receptors. Behav Brain Res 2000;114:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00190-x.
Van Thuyne WD FT. Distribution of Caffeine Levels in Urine in Different Sports in Relation to Doping Control Before and After the Removal of Caffeine from the WADA Doping List. Int J Sports Med 2006;27:745–50. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872921.
Delbeke FTD M. Caffeine: Use and Abuse in Sports. Int J Sports Med 2008;05:179–82. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025901.
Spriet LL. Caffeine and Performance. Int J Sport Nutr 1995;5:S84–99. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s84.
WADA’s 2024 Monitoring Program 2024.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Janiszewski, Marcin Komorowski, Rafał Kaczorowski, Jaromir Hunia, Jonasz Jurek, Alicja Kapciak, Julia Górny, Aleksandra Pelczarska, Tomasz Forenc
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 46
Number of citations: 0
