Complications after endoscopic spine surgery - risk factors and preventive strategies

Abstract

Introduction and Purpose

Endoscopic spine surgery (EOS) is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional surgery, with less tissue trauma and shorter hospital stay. Despite these advantages, these procedures are associated with the risk of complications. The aim of this article is to analyze the most common complications, identify risk factors, and discuss preventive strategies that can minimize the risk of their occurrence.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published up to the end of 2024. The search included the keywords “endoscopic”, “spine surgery”, “complications”, and “risk factors” in different combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as complications after endoscopic spine procedures and risk factors that affect them, as well as methods for their prevention.

Results

The literature review indicates that the most common complications after EOS are dura tears, nerve injury, infection, bleeding, and adhesions. Risk factors include both patient-related aspects and surgical technique. Patient factors include age, comorbidities, and anatomical abnormalities of the spine. Procedural factors include operator inexperience, selection of an inappropriate surgical approach, and technical limitations of endoscopic equipment.

Conclusions

Prevention of complications after EOS requires a comprehensive approach that includes both careful patient qualification and optimization of surgical technique. Regular operator training can significantly improve patient outcomes. Strict control of risk factors and individualization of the surgical approach are also key. These measures can not only reduce the risk of complications but also improve the efficiency and safety of endoscopic spine surgery.