The impact of Schistosoma blood fluke infection on the development of bladder cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2024.76.56555Keywords
schistosomiasis, bladder cancer, Schistosoma haematobium, bilharzia, blood flukeAbstract
Introduction and purpose
Schistosomiasis is a significant health problem, particularly in countries in Africa. The disease is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. There are five main species. Most infections are asymptomatic. Schistosomiasis can contribute to the development a lot of diseases.
The aim of this article is to examine the impact of schistosomiasis on the human body, with particular focus on bladder cancer.
Brief description of the state of knowledge
Schistosoma are parasitic flatworms whose life cycle involves humans as the definitive host and freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. The cercarial larvae penetrate the human skin. Adult parasites lay eggs in the mucous membranes, causing inflammation and granulomatous reactions. Chronic schistosomiasis leads to tissue fibrosis, portal hypertension, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Acute infection presents with Katayama fever. Diagnosis is based on detecting eggs in urine or stool, as well as serological tests. Treatment includes praziquantel, often supplemented with corticosteroids. Prevention involves avoiding contact with contaminated water. Untreated schistosomiasis can lead to serious complications, including bladder cancer.
Material and methods:
Literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: schistosomiasis; bladder cancer; Schistosoma haematobium; bilharzia; blood fluke.
Summary
Schistosomiasis induces bladder cancer as a result of the chronic inflammatory condition in the urinary tract. The dominant histological type is SCC. Bladder cancer resulting from schistosomiasis is characterized by a younger age of onset and more advanced clinical stages. In the case of bilharzia detection, eradication of the parasite is recommended to prevent the development of cancer.
References
Berry A, Iriart X, Fillaux J, Magnaval J-F. Urinary schistosomiasis and cancer. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2017;110(1):68–75, doi: 10.1007/s13149-017-0547-4.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49,
doi: 10.3322/caac.21660.
Lai Y-S, Biedermann P, Ekpo UF, Garba A, Mathieu E, Midzi N, et al. Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(8):927–40, doi : 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00066-3.
Marbjerg LH, Øvrehus ALH, Johansen IS. Schistosomiasis-induced squamous cell bladder carcinoma in an HIV-infected patient. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;40:113–5,
doi: org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.004.
Salem S, Mitchell RE, El-Alim El-Dorey A, Smith JA, Barocas DA. Successful control of schistosomiasis and the changing epidemiology of bladder cancer in Egypt. BJU Int. 2011;107(2):206–1, doi: org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09622.x.
Santos LL, Santos J, Gouveia MJ, Bernardo C, Lopes C, Rinaldi G, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis-history, pathogenesis, and bladder cancer. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):E205, doi: org/10.3390/jcm10020205.
Mantica G, Terrone C, Der Merwe AV. Bladder cancer and associated risk factors: the African panorama. Eur Urol. 2021;79(5):568–70,
doi: org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.11.041.
Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R. Impact of endemic infections on HIV susceptibility in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2019;5(1):22, doi: org/10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5.
Phillips AE, Tohon Z, Dhanani NA, Sofo B, Gnandou I, Sidikou B, et al. Evaluating the impact of biannual school-based and community-wide treatment on urogenital schistosomiasis in Niger. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):557,
doi: org/10.1186/s13071-020-04411-9.
Labbo R, Ernould J-C, Djibrilla A, Garba A, Chippaux J-P. Focusing of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in irrigated perimeters of the Niger valley (Niger): importance of malacological factors. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2008;56(1):3–9, doi: org/10.1016/j.respe.2007.10.011.
Guo CC, Gomez E, Tamboli P, Bondaruk JE, Kamat A, Bassett R, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 16 cases. Hum Pathol. 2009;40(10):1448–52,
doi: org/10.1016/j.humpath.2009.03.005.
Maia MC, Hansen A, Alves C, Salah S. Biomarkers in non-schistosomiasis-related squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;135:76–84, doi: org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.008.
Dotson A, May A, Davaro F, Raza SJ, Siddiqui S, Hamilton Z. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol. 2019;24(6):706–11, doi: org/10.1007/s10147-019-01409-x.
Bartsch H, Montesano R. Relevance of nitrosamines to human cancer. Carcinogenesis. 1984;5:1381–1393, doi: 10.1093/carcin/5.11.1381.
Manley KV, Hubbard R, Swallow D, Finch W, Wood SJ, Biers SM. Risk factors for development of primary bladder squamous cell carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99(2):155–60, doi: org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0343.
El-Awady MK, Gad YZ, Wen Y, et al (2001) Schistosoma hematobium soluble egg antigens induce proliferation of urothelial and endothelial cells. World J Urol 19(4):263–6.
El-Sebaie M, Zaghloul MS, Howard G, Mokhtar A. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bilharzial and non-bilharzial urinary bladder: a review of etiological features, natural history, and management. Int J Clin Oncol. 2005;10(1):20–25, doi: 10.1007/s10147-004-0457-6.
Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin S-F, Neoh H-M. Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review. Biology (Basel) 2021;10:533.
Lagwinski N, Thomas A, Stephenson AJ, Campbell S, Hoschar AP, El-Gabry E, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 45 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(12):1777–1787, doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31805c9cd9.
Kitinya JN, Laurèn PA, Eshleman LJ, Paljärvi L, Tanaka K. The incidence of squamous and transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder in northern Tanzania in areas of high and low levels of endemic Schistosoma haematobium infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986;80(6):935–939, doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(86)90264-6.
Hussain SP, Harris CC. Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:2373–2380, doi: 10.1002/ijc.23173.
Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Znaor A, Jemal A, Bray F. Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Overview and Recent Trends. Eur Urol. 2017 Jan;71(1):96-108.
Hotez PJ, Kamath A. Neglected tropical diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(8):412, doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412.
Robinson E, Picon D, Sturrock HJ, Sabasio A, Lado M, Kolaczineki J, Brooker S. The performance of haematuria reagent strips for the rapid mapping of urinary schistosomiais: field experience from Sudan. Trop Med Inter Health. 2009;14(2):1484–1487, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02407.x.
Houmsou RS, Kela SL, Suleiman MM. Performance of micro-haematuria and proteinuria as measured by reagent strip in estimating intensity and prevalence of S. haematobium infections in Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2001;4(12):997–1000,
doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60233-2.
Ugbomoiko US, Obiezue RNN, Ogunniyi TAB, Ofoezie IE. Diagnostic accuracy of different urine dipsticks to detect urinary schistosomiasis: a comparative study in five endemic communities in Osun and Ogun States, Nigeria. J Helminthol. 2009;83:203–209, doi: 10.1017/S0022149X08133570.
Rudge JW, Stothard JR, Basanez M, Mgeni AF, Khamis IS, Khamis AN, Rollinson D. Micro-epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: local risk factor associated with distribution of infections among school children and relevance for control. Acta Trop. 2008;105:45–54, doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.09.006.
Okoli EI, Odaibo AB. Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Ibadan, an urban community in South-western Nigeria. Trop Med Inter Health. 1999;4(4):308–315, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00388.x.
Ogbonna CC, Dori GU, Nweze EI, Muoneke G, Nwankwo IE, Aputa N. Comparative analysis of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children and rural farmers in Obollo-Eke, Enugu State, Nigeria: implications for control. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5(10):796–802, doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60146-1.
Ozumba NA, Christensen NO, Nwosu ABC, Nwaorgu OC. Endemicity, Focalitu and Seasonality of transmission of human schistosomiasis in Amagunze village, Eastern Nigeria. J Hel-minthol. 1989;63:206–212, doi: 10.1017/s0022149x00008993.
Zang Y, MacArthur C, Mubila L, Baker S. Control of neglected tropical diseases needs a long-term commitment. BMC Medicine. 2010;8(67):2–9,
doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-67.
Southgate VR, Rollinson D, Tchuente TLA, Hagan P. Towards control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. J Helminthol. 2005;79:181–185,
doi: 10.1079/joh2005307.
Doenhoff MJ, Chiodini PL, Hamilton JV: Specific and sensitive diagnosis of schistosome infection: can it be done with antibodies?. Trends Parasitol. 2004, 20: 35-39. 10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.019.
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2014;383:2253–2264, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2.
Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006;6:411–425, doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70521-7.
Bustinduy AL, et al. An update on female and male genital schistosomiasis and a call to integrate efforts to escalate diagnosis, treatment and awareness in endemic and non-endemic settings: the time is now. Adv. Parasitol. 2022;115:1–44, doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.12.003.
Liu R, Dong H-F, Guo Y, Zhao Q-P, Jiang M-S. Efficacy of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of human schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit. Vectors. 2011;4:201, doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-201.
Frickmann H, et al. Evaluation of a duplex real-time PCR in human serum for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections – cross-sectional study. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2021;41:102035, doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102035.
Abbasi, I., King, C. H., Muchiri, E. M. & Hamburger, J. Detection of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification: identification of infected snails from early prepatency. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2010).
Archer J, et al. Analytical and clinical assessment of a portable, isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the molecular diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis. Molecules. 2020;25:4175,
doi: 10.3390/molecules25184175.
Da’dara AA et al. (2014) Schistosome tegumental ecto-apyrase (SmATPDase1) degrades exogenous pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic nucleotides. PeerJ 2, e316. 10.7717/peerj.316.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Piotr Boszczyk; Kinga Wrzesińska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 67
Number of citations: 0
