Respiratory syncytial virus - current treatment options and future possibilities for prophylaxis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2024.74.52557Keywords
RSV pathogenesis, RSV treatment, RSV prophylaxis, RSV epidemiologyAbstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a great deal of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, which result in hospitalizations and death in extreme cases. Almost all children have been infected by the time they turn two years old, but the most vulnerable to developing medical complications are preemies and infants with congenital heart diseases. Understanding the function of RSV F (fusion) protein turned out to be crucial in developing immunoprophylactic drugs, such as Palivizumab and Nirsevimab. Due to limited options of treatment, the search for optimal prophylactic strategy is expanding. This includes monoclonal antibodies and mRNA vaccines. Bringing attention to these methods of treatment will help expand the knowledge of healthcare providers, especially pediatricians and general practitioners.
References
C. Rosas-Salazar et al., “Respiratory syncytial virus infection during infancy and asthma during childhood in the USA (INSPIRE): a population-based, prospective birth cohort study,” Lancet, vol. 401, no. 10389, pp. 1669–1680, May 2023, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00811-5.
M. Young and L. Smitherman, “Socioeconomic Impact of RSV Hospitalization,” Infect Dis Ther, vol. 10, no. Suppl 1, pp. 35–45, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S40121-020-00390-7.
P. Obando-Pacheco et al., “Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonality: A Global Overview,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases ®, vol. 1356, pp. 1356–64, 2018, doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy056.
Z. Shang, S. Tan, and D. Ma, “Respiratory syncytial virus: from pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies,” Int J Biol Sci, vol. 2021, no. 14, pp. 4073–4091, 2021, doi: 10.7150/ijbs.64762.
Y. Li et al., “Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis,” Lancet, vol. 399, no. 10340, pp. 2047–2064, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00478-0.
A. T. Borchers, C. Chang, M. Eric Gershwin, and L. J. Gershwin, “Respiratory Syncytial Virus-A Comprehensive Review”, doi: 10.1007/s12016-013-8368-9.
S. Janet, J. Broad, and M. D. Snape, “Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality and its implications on prevention strategies,” Hum Vaccin Immunother, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 234, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1403707.
R. T. Stein and H. J. Zar, “RSV through the COVID-19 pandemic: Burden, shifting epidemiology, and implications for the future,” Pediatric Pulmonology, vol. 58, no. 6. John Wiley and Sons Inc, pp. 1631–1639, Jun. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26370.
P. L. Collins, R. Fearns, and B. S. Graham, “Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Virology, Reverse Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Disease”, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_1.
W. Rezende, H. E. Neal, R. E. Dutch, and P. A. Piedra, “The RSV F p27 peptide: current knowledge, important questions,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 14. Frontiers Media SA, 2023. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219846.
Z. Hu and X. Liu, “‘Antigen Camouflage and Decoy’ Strategy to Overcome Interference From Maternally Derived Antibody With Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Vaccines: More Than a Simple Combination,” Front Microbiol, vol. 12, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735250.
A. Bukreyev, L. Yang, and P. L. Collins, “The Secreted G Protein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antagonizes Antibody-Mediated Restriction of Replication Involving Macrophages and Complement,” J Virol, vol. 86, no. 19, pp. 10880–10884, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1128/JVI.01162-12.
H. C. Bergeron and R. A. Tripp, “RSV Replication, Transmission, and Disease Are Influenced by the RSV G Protein,” Viruses, vol. 14, no. 11, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/V14112396.
J. Taveras et al., “The Journal of Infectious Diseases Type III Interferons, Viral Loads, Age, and Disease Severity in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection,” 2022, doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac404.
T. P. Welliver et al., “Severe Human Lower Respiratory Tract Illness Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Virus Is Characterized by the Absence of Pulmonary Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Responses,” p. 195, 2007, doi: 10.1086/512615.
D. K. SMITH, S. SEALES, and C. BUDZIK, “Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Children,” Am Fam Physician, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 94–99, Jan. 2017, Accessed: Feb. 25, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0115/p94.html
T. Shi et al., “Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus associated with acute lower respiratory infection in children under five years: Systematic review and meta–analysis,” J Glob Health, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, doi: 10.7189/JOGH.05.020416.
A. Andreas, L. Doris, K. Frank, and K. Michael, “Focusing on severe infections with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults: Risk factors, symptomatology and clinical course compared to influenza A / B and the original SARS-CoV-2 strain,” Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 161, p. 105399, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.JCV.2023.105399.
S. Crotty, C. Cameron, and R. Andino, “Ribavirin’s antiviral mechanism of action: lethal mutagenesis?,” J Mol Med (Berl), vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 86–95, 2002, doi: 10.1007/S00109-001-0308-0.
S. Crotty and R. Andino, “Implications of high RNA virus mutation rates: lethal mutagenesis and the antiviral drug ribavirin,” Microbes Infect, vol. 4, no. 13, pp. 1301–1307, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)00008-4.
K. Ventre and A. G. Randolph, “Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1, 2007, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000181.PUB3/INFORMATION/EN.
S. Tejada, R. Martinez-Reviejo, H. N. Karakoc, Y. Peña-López, O. Manuel, and J. Rello, “Ribavirin for Treatment of Subjects with Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Adv Ther, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 4037–4051, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1007/S12325-022-02256-5/FIGURES/3.
A. M. Gadomski and M. B. Scribani, “Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 2014, no. 6, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001266.PUB4/MEDIA/CDSR/CD001266/IMAGE_N/NCD001266-CMP-001-11.PNG.
E. J. Carande, E. P. Galiza, A. Nickless, A. J. Pollard, and S. B. Drysdale, “Viral bronchiolitis management in hospitals in the UK,” Journal of Clinical Virology, vol. 104, pp. 29–33, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.JCV.2018.04.010.
E. Binns, J. Tuckerman, P. V. Licciardi, and D. Wurzel, “Respiratory syncytial virus, recurrent wheeze and asthma: A narrative review of pathophysiology, prevention and future directions,” J Paediatr Child Health, vol. 58, no. 10, p. 1741, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1111/JPC.16197.
L. J. Scott and H. M. Lamb, “Palivizumab,” Drugs, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 305–311, Oct. 1999, doi: 10.2165/00003495-199958020-00009/METRICS.
L. Garegnani, P. Roson Rodriguez, C. M. Escobar Liquitay, I. Esteban, and J. V. A. Franco, “Palivizumab for preventing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 2020, no. 10, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013757/INFORMATION/EN.
K. A. Robinson, O. A. Odelola, and I. J. Saldanha, “Palivizumab for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis,” Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol. 2016, no. 7, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007743.PUB6.
S. J. Keam, “Nirsevimab: First Approval,” Drugs, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 181–187, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1007/S40265-022-01829-6/METRICS.
K. M. Eichinger, J. L. Kosanovich, M. Lipp, K. M. Empey, and N. Petrovsky, “Strategies for active and passive pediatric RSV immunization,” Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother, vol. 9, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1177/2515135520981516/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_2515135520981516-FIG3.JPEG.
L. L. Hammitt et al., “Nirsevimab for Prevention of RSV in Healthy Late-Preterm and Term Infants,” https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110275, vol. 386, no. 9, pp. 837–846, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1056/NEJMOA2110275.
O. Cingoz, “Motavizumab,” MAbs, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 439, 2009, doi: 10.4161/MABS.1.5.9496.
H. Wu⁎ et al., “Development of Motavizumab, an Ultra-potent Antibody for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract,” 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.024.
X. Carbonell-Estrany et al., “Motavizumab for Prophylaxis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in High-Risk Children: A Noninferiority Trial,” Pediatrics, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. e35–e51, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1542/PEDS.2008-1036.
L. A. Quinn, M. D. Shields, and H. E. Groves, “Respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis for prevention of recurrent childhood wheeze and asthma: a protocol for a systematic review”, doi: 10.1186/s13643-019-1251-x.
NCT01483911, “ALX-0171 Phase I Study, Evaluating Single Ascending Dose and Multiple Dose in Healthy Male Volunteers,” https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01483911, doi: 10.1002/CENTRAL/CN-01534230.
E. A. F. Simões et al., “Suptavumab for the Prevention of Medically Attended Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Preterm Infants,” Clin Infect Dis, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. E4400–E4408, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1093/CID/CIAA951.
N. E. Simister, “Placental transport of immunoglobulin G,” Vaccine, vol. 21, pp. 3365–3369, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00334-7.
H. Y. Chu and J. A. Englund, “Maternal immunization,” Birth Defects Res, vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 379–386, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1002/BDRA.23547.
L. F. Fries et al., “2637. Third Trimester Immunization with an Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein Vaccine for the Prevention of RSV Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Infants,” Open Forum Infect Dis, vol. 6, no. Supplement_2, pp. S921–S922, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1093/OFID/OFZ360.2315.
J. H. Shakib et al., “Immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and neutralizing antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus increase in human milk following immunization with an RSV F protein vaccine,” Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol. 221, no. 6, pp. 669–670, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/J.AJOG.2019.10.080.
A. J. Geall et al., “Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines,” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 109, no. 36, pp. 14604–14609, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1073/PNAS.1209367109/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.201209367SI.PDF.
L. A. Brito et al., “A Cationic Nanoemulsion for the Delivery of Next-generation RNA Vaccines,” Molecular Therapy, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 2118–2129, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1038/MT.2014.133.
X. Qiu et al., “Development of mRNA vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV),” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, vol. 68, pp. 1359–6101, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.001.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Weronika Hołownia, Kamila Szewczyk, Bartłomiej Szewczyk, Paulina Pytel, Wiktoria Julia Krzesłowska, Szymon Wiśniewski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 509
Number of citations: 0
