The Role and Mechanism of Meditation on Physical Health and Well-Being – a literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2024.73.51696Keywords
meditation, anxiety, depression, dementia, ADHD, immune modulationAbstract
Introduction:
The latest researches concerning the effect of the meditation on the well-being show the increased number of meditation proponents due to its benefits to the mental resilience, stress management and also general health. Meditation is increasingly recognized globally for promoting overall well-being.
Purpose:
This study investigates impact of meditation on mental and physical well-being. It aims at understanding the mechanisms behind the improvements of health, giving special emphasis on its use as a treatment tool and a prevention measure.
State of Knowledge:
Meditation is validated in terms of the amount of data proving its positive effects on psychological and physical health. Ranging from stress reduction to immune system modulation, cognitive enhancements, and cardiovascular benefits, meditation turns out to be a wide applicability tool. Mediation perception factors such as cultural and social aspects are contrasted, stressing the important of research on its original Buddhist context. Meditation, due to cultural differences, still is a controversial in many areas, especially in social work.
Summary:
Meditation is a diverse tool for the promotion of the whole person well-being including stress reduction, immunity modulation, enhancement in cognition and cardiovascular health. It is crucial for building resilience, an important part of preventive and clinical psychology, and the medically oriented stress management. Noticing the role of culture, meditation is a significant aid to the improvement of personal, educator, and healthcare provider well-being. Meditation is a versatile tool that can be integrated into various practices, enhancing the overall well-being and life-coping skills of individuals and professionals alike.
References
Behan C, Doyle R, Masterson S, Shiers D, Clarke M. A double-edged sword: review of the interplay between physical health and mental health. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -). 2014;184(1):107-112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-014-1205-1
Doherty AM, Gaughran F. The interface of physical and mental health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2014;49(5):673-682. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0847-7
Latoo J, Mistry M, Dunne F. Physical morbidity and mortality in people with mental illness | British Journal of Medical Practitioners. Bjmp.org. Published 2013. https://www.bjmp.org/content/physical-morbidity-and-mortality-people-mental-illness
Sartorius N. Physical illness in people with mental disorders. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA). 2007;6(1):3-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17342212/
Naylor C, Das P, Majeed A. Bringing Together Physical and Mental Health within Primary care: a New Frontier for Integrated Care. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2016;109(10):364-366.
Joo JH, Platt R. The promise and challenges of integrating mental and physical health. International Review of Psychiatry. 2018;30(6):155-156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2019.1574477
Knowles SE, Chew-Graham C, Coupe N, et al. Better together? a naturalistic qualitative study of inter-professional working in collaborative care for co-morbid depression and physical health problems. Implementation Science. 2013;8(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-8-110
Geist R, Versloot J, Mansfield E, DiEmanuele M, Reid RJ. The Collaborative Care Model for Patients With Both Mental Health and Medical Conditions Implemented in Hospital Outpatient Care Settings. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management. 2020;43(3):230-236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/jac.0000000000000332
Hartel J, Nguyen AT, Guzik E. Mindfulness Meditation in the Classroom. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science. 2017;58(2):112-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.3138/jelis.58.2.112
Salmon P, Sephton S, Weissbecker I, Hoover K, Ulmer C, Studts JL. Mindfulness meditation in clinical practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2004;11(4):434-446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1077-7229(04)80060-9
Baer RA, Krietemeyer J. OVERVIEW OF MINDFULNESS- AND ACCEPTANCE-BASED TREATMENT APPROACHES. Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches. Published online 2006:3-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088519-0/50002-2
Travis F. Transcendental experiences during meditation practice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2013;1307(1):1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12316
Kabat-Zinn J. Lovingkindness Meditation. Mindfulness. 2017;8(4):1117-1121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0757-3
O’Donoghue M. Teaching Meditation 3: Loving-kindness. Semantic Scholar. Published 2011. Accessed May 18, 2024. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Teaching-Meditation-3%3A-Loving-kindness-O%27Donoghue/a3e61579cdf39900448b5f2d837d5881e14aa17c
Bronkhorst J. The two traditions of meditation in ancient India. Semantic Scholar. Published 1986. Accessed May 18, 2024. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-two-traditions-of-meditation-in-ancient-India-Bronkhorst/caead6350ec8494fa4e2d42929fe9b3a7152192c
Brandmeyer T, Delorme A. Meditation and neurofeedback. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00688
McWilliams SA. Foundations of Mindfulness and Contemplation: Traditional and Contemporary Perspectives. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2014;12(2):116-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9486-1
Vohra-Gupta S, Russell A, Lo E. Meditation. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought. 2007;26(2):49-61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/j377v26n02_03
Condon P, Makransky J. Sustainable Compassion Training: Integrating Meditation Theory With Psychological Science. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02249
Hassed C. Meditation in general practice. Australian Family Physician. 1996;25(8):1257-1260. Accessed May 18, 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8771884/
Kume J. Meditation and Mindfulness Peer-Reviewed Literature: Review Meditation and Mindfulness Peer-Reviewed Literature: Review. doi:https://doi.org/10.19080/JYP.2018.05.555669
Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Jenkins ZM, Ski CF. Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2017;95:156-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004
Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Naranjo JR, Schmidt S. Influence of Mindfulness Practice on Cortisol and Sleep in Long-Term and Short-Term Meditators. Neuropsychobiology. 2012;65(3):109-118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000330362
Mohan A, Sharma R, Bijlani RL. Effect of Meditation on Stress-Induced Changes in Cognitive Functions. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2011;17(3):207-212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0142
Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Maneti Y, Thipparaboina R. Effect of meditation on neurophysiological changes in stress mediated depression. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2014;20(1):74-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.10.001
Leung NTY, Lo MM, Lee TMC. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Meditation for Treating Affective Dysregulation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/402718
Gamaiunova L, Brandt PY, Bondolfi G, Kliegel M. Exploration of psychological mechanisms of the reduced stress response in long-term meditation practitioners. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;104:143-151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.026
Thibodeaux N, Rossano M. Meditation and Immune Function: The Impact of Stress Management on the Immune System. ResearchGate. Published 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.1804032
Black DS, Slavich GM. Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2016;1373(1):13-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12998
Morgan N, Irwin MR, Chung M, Wang C. The Effects of Mind-Body Therapies on the Immune System: Meta-Analysis. Bacurau RFP, ed. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e100903. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100903
Rees B. Overview of Outcome Data of Potential Meditation Training for Soldier Resilience. Military Medicine. 2011;176(11):1232-1242. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-11-00067
Bonadonna R. Meditationʼs Impact on Chronic Illness. Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003;17(6):309-319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200311000-00006
Ngô TL. Revue des effets de la méditation de pleine conscience sur la santé mentale et physique et sur ses mécanismes d’action. Santé mentale au Québec. 2014;38(2):19-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1023988ar
Chan D, Woollacott M. Effects of Level of Meditation Experience on Attentional Focus: Is the Efficiency of Executive or Orientation Networks Improved? The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2007;13(6):651-658. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.7022
Tsai MH, Chou WL. Attentional orienting and executive control are affected by different types of meditation practice. Consciousness and Cognition. 2016;46:110-126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.020
He Q, Wang H. The effects of meditation on attention. Advances in Psychological Science. 2020;28(2):284. doi:https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.00284
Ainsworth B, Eddershaw R, Meron D, Baldwin DS, Garner M. The effect of focused attention and open monitoring meditation on attention network function in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Research. 2013;210(3):1226-1231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.002
Narang M, Singh M. Cognitive Enhancement using Meditation as Intervention. Published online 2014. http://www.csjournals.com/IJITKM/PDF%207-2/11.%20Mahak.pdf
Baird B, Mrazek MD, Phillips DT, Schooler JW. Domain-specific enhancement of metacognitive ability following meditation training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2014;143(5):1972-1979. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036882
Xiong GL, Doraiswamy PM. Does Meditation Enhance Cognition and Brain Plasticity? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2009;1172(1):63-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1393.002
Baijal S, Gupta R. Meditation-based training: a possible intervention for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa: Township)). 2008;5(4):48-55. Accessed May 25, 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19727310/
Vestergaard-Poulsen P, van Beek M, Skewes J, et al. Long-term meditation is associated with increased gray matter density in the brain stem. NeuroReport. 2009;20(2):170-174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e328320012a
Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, et al. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport. 2005;16(17):1893-1897. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19
Afonso RF. Neural correlates of meditation a review of structural and functional MRI studies. Frontiers in Bioscience. 2020;12(1):92-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.2741/s542
Fox KCR, Nijeboer S, Dixon ML, et al. Is meditation associated with altered brain structure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2014;43:48-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.016
Moore A, Malinowski P. Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition. 2009;18(1):176-186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008
Fabio RA, Towey GE. Long-term meditation: the relationship between cognitive processes, thinking styles and mindfulness. Cognitive Processing. 2017;19(1):73-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-017-0844-3
Hartkamp M, Thornton IM. Meditation, Cognitive Flexibility and Well-Being. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. 2017;1(2):182-196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0026-3
Müller BCN, Gerasimova A, Ritter SM. Concentrative meditation influences creativity by increasing cognitive flexibility. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 2016;10(3):278-286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040335
Kabat-Zinn J. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;149(7):936-943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.7.936
Lee SH, Ahn SC, Lee YJ, Choi TK, Yook KH, Suh SY. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress management program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2007;62(2):189-195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.09.009
Martin KJ, Golijani-Moghaddam N, dasNair R. Mindfulness self-help interventions for symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress: Review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 2018;25(2):82-95. doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2018.25.2.82
Toneatto T, Nguyen L. Does Mindfulness Meditation Improve Anxiety and Mood Symptoms? A Review of the Controlled Research. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):260-266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200409
Rubia K. The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychology. 2009;82(1):1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.04.003
Grippo AJ, Moffitt JA, Alan Kim Johnson. Cardiovascular alterations and autonomic imbalance in an experimental model of depression. 2002;282(5):R1333-R1341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00614.2001
Krisanaprakornkit T, Sriraj W, Piyavhatkul N, Laopaiboon M. Meditation Therapy for Anxiety Disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004998.pub2
Zeidan F, Martucci KT, Kraft RA, McHaffie JG, Coghill RC. Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation-related anxiety relief. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2013;9(6):751-759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst041
Walsh R. Meditation Practice and Research. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 1983;23(1):18-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167883231004
Craven JL. Meditation and Psychotherapy*. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1989;34(7):648-653. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400705
Shapiro Jr DH. Overview: clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982;139(3):267-274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.3.267
Bogart G. The Use of Meditation in Psychotherapy: A Review of the Literature. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1991;45(3):383-412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1991.45.3.383
Ivtzan I. Soft is hard: building resilience with loving kindness meditation at work. International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2018;11(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2018.11.00381
Neumann MM, Tillott S. Why should teachers cultivate resilience through mindfulness? Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools. Published online September 10, 2021:1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2021.23
Hwang WJ, Lee TY, Lim KO, et al. The effects of four days of intensive mindfulness meditation training (Templestay program) on resilience to stress: a randomized controlled trial. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2017;23(5):497-504. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1363400
Black DS. Incorporating Mindfulness within Established Theories of Health Behavior. Complementary health practice review. 2010;15(2):108-109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210110387815
Shonin E, Van Gordon W, Griffiths MD. Mindfulness-based interventions: towards mindful clinical integration. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;4(194). doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00194
Benson H, Rosner BA, Marzetta BR, Klemchuk HP. Decreased blood pressure in borderline hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1974;27(3):163-169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(74)90083-6
de Fátima Rosas Marchiori M, Kozasa EH, Miranda RD, Monezi Andrade AL, Perrotti TC, Leite JR. Decrease in blood pressure and improved psychological aspects through meditation training in hypertensive older adults: A randomized control study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2014;15(10):1158-1164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12414
Goldstein CM, Josephson R, Xie S, Hughes JW. Current Perspectives on the Use of Meditation to Reduce Blood Pressure. International Journal of Hypertension. 2012;2012:1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/578397
Ponte Márquez PH, Feliu-Soler A, Solé-Villa MJ, et al. Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2018;33(3):237-247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6
Park J, Lyles RH, Bauer-Wu S. Mindfulness meditation lowers muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in African-American males with chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2014;307(1):R93-R101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00558.2013
Bansal A. Osho Dynamic Meditation’s Effect on Serum Cortisol Level. Journal of Clinical And Diagnostic Research. Published online 2016. doi:https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/23492.8827
Patel C, Carruthers M. Coronary risk factor reduction through biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1977;27(180):401-405. Accessed May 25, 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/330850/
Levine GN, Lange RA, Bairey‐Merz CN, et al. Meditation and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017;6(10). doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.117.002218
Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich S. Review of Controlled Research on the Transcendental Meditation Program and Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiology in Review. 2004;12(5):262-266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.crd.0000113021.96119.78
Teixeira ME. Meditation as an Intervention for Chronic Pain. Holistic Nursing Practice. 2008;22(4):225-234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hnp.0000326006.65310.a7
Marchand WR. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, and Zen Meditation for Depression, Anxiety, Pain, and Psychological Distress. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2012;18(4):233-252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000416014.53215.86
Rajguru P, Kolber MJ, Garcia AN, Smith MT, Patel CK, Hanney WJ. Use of Mindfulness Meditation in the Management of Chronic Pain. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2014;9(3):176-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827614522580
Adler-Neal AL, Zeidan F. Mindfulness Meditation for Fibromyalgia: Mechanistic and Clinical Considerations. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2017;19(9). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-017-0686-0
Greeson J, Eisenlohr-Moul T. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Chronic Pain. Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches. Published online 2014:269-292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416031-6.00012-8
Majeed MH, Ali AA, Sudak DM. Mindfulness-based interventions for chronic pain: Evidence and applications. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;32:79-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.025
Veehof MM, Oskam MJ, Schreurs KMG, Bohlmeijer ET. Acceptance-based interventions for the treatment of chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2011;152(3):533-542. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.002
Baer RA. Mindfulness Training as a Clinical Intervention: a Conceptual and Empirical Review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2003;10(2):125-143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015
Gockel A. The Promise of Mindfulness for Clinical Practice Education. Smith College Studies in Social Work. 2010;80(2-3):248-268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00377311003784184
Zimmermann F. Mindfulness-Based Practices as a Resource for Health and Well-Being. Medical Acupuncture. 2015;27(5):349-359. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/acu.2014.1080
Shapiro S, Thakur S, de Sousa S. Mindfulness for Health Care Professionals and Therapists in Training. Mindfulness-Based Treatment Approaches. Published online 2014:319-345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416031-6.00014-1
Chmielewski J, Łoś K, Łuczyński W. Mindfulness in healthcare professionals and medical education. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2021;34(1):1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01542
Oman D, Hedberg J, Thoresen CE. Passage meditation reduces perceived stress in health professionals: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2006;74(4):714-719. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.74.4.714
Rao N, Kemper KJ. Online Training in Specific Meditation Practices Improves Gratitude, Well-Being, Self-Compassion, and Confidence in Providing Compassionate Care Among Health Professionals. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 2016;22(2):237-241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587216642102
Delmonte MM. Factors influencing the regularity of meditation practice in a clinical population. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1984;57(3):275-278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1984.tb02589.x
Prasad K, Wahner-Roedler DL, Cha SS, Sood A. Effect of a single-session meditation training to reduce stress and improve quality of life among health care professionals: a “dose-ranging” feasibility study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2011;17(3):46-49. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22164812/
Ribeiro L, Atchley RM, Oken BS. Adherence to Practice of Mindfulness in Novice Meditators: Practices Chosen, Amount of Time Practiced, and Long-Term Effects Following a Mindfulness-Based Intervention. Mindfulness. 2017;9(2):401-411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0781-3
Cohen JN, Jensen D, Stange JP, Neuburger M, Heimberg RG. The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of an Intensive Meditation Retreat. Mindfulness. 2017;8(4):1064-1077. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0682-5
Lykins ELB, Baer RA. Psychological Functioning in a Sample of Long-Term Practitioners of Mindfulness Meditation. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2009;23(3):226-241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.3.226
Smith BM, Ong CW, Barrett TS, Bluett EJ, Slocum TA, Twohig MP. Longitudinal Effects of a 2-Year Meditation and Buddhism Program on Well-Being, Quality of Life, and Valued Living. Mindfulness. 2019;10(10):2095-2109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01165-z
Kirmayer LJ. Mindfulness in cultural context. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2015;52(4):447-469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461515598949
Farias M, Brazier D, Lalljee M, et al. The Oxford Handbook of Meditation. Oxford University Press; 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808640.001.0001
Full GE, Walach H, Trautwein M. Meditation-Induced Changes in Perception: An Interview Study with Expert Meditators (Sotapannas) in Burma. Mindfulness. 2012;4(1):55-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0173-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Marta Rutkowska, Mateusz Bieńko, Tomasz Król, Michalina Toborek, Magdalena Marchaj, Karolina Korta, Anna Putra, Natalia Niedziela, Mikołaj Margas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 544
Number of citations: 0
