Understanding the Challenges of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Perspectives on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Associated Conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2024.66.004Keywords
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, fertility problems, thyroid tumor, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, SLE, vitiligo, celiac disease, RA, T1D, diabetesAbstract
Introduction: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a prevalent autoimmune disease among the population. With the progress in diagnostic and research techniques, it has come to light that Hashimoto's thyroiditis is linked to a higher likelihood of developing other disorders that impact multiple organs and systems. Throughout the course of this disease, individuals may experience an array of complications such as sexual dysfunctions, fertility problems, specific mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases and other autoimmune diseases.
Aim of the Study: The primary aim of this study is to explore the potential association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and its consequential effects on other physiological systems and organs.
Description of the State of Knowledge: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet completely understood. Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been associated with a range of health issues, including sexual dysfunction, fertility problems, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and other autoimmune disorders.
Materials and methods: An unsystematic scientific literature review was conducted using specific keywords such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, fertility problems, thyroid tumor, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The review was carried out on PubMed, analyzing a total of 53 sources published until 2023.
Conclusions: HT's association with psychiatric disorders, fertility issues, thyroid tumors, cardiovascular dysfunction, and comorbid autoimmune conditions underscores its broad clinical impact, necessitating integrated management approaches. Effective management of HT requires collaboration among specialists to ensure early detection, proactive intervention, and patient education, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes and quality of life.
References
Bieber, K.; Hundt, J.E.; Yu, X.; Ehlers, M.; Petersen, F.; Karsten, C.M.; Köhl, J.; Kridin, K.; Kalies, K.; Kasprick, A.; et al. Autoimmune pre-disease. Autoimmun. Rev. 2023, 22, 103236.
Ngo, S.T.; Steyn, F.J.; McCombe, P.A. Gender differences in autoimmune disease. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2014, 35, 347–369.
Mikosch, P., Aistleitner, A., Oehrlein, M. et al. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and coexisting disorders in correlation with HLA status—an overview. Wien Med Wochenschr 173, 41–53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-021-00879-x
Brčić L, Barić A, Gračan S, Torlak V, Brekalo M, Škrabić V, Zemunik T, Barbalić M, Punda A, Boraska Perica V. Genome-wide association analysis suggests novel loci underlying thyroid antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 29;9(1):5360. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41850-6. PMID: 30926877; PMCID: PMC6440971.
Binghui Jin, Shuang Wang, Zhe Fan. Pathogenesis Markers of Hashimoto's Disease—A Mini Review. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2022, 27(10), 297. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2710297
Osowiecka, K.; Myszkowska-Ryciak, J. The Influence of Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis—A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041041
Hu X, Chen Y, Shen Y, Zhou S, Fei W, Yang Y, Que H. Correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Oct 31;13:1025267. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1025267. PMID: 36387911; PMCID: PMC9659921.
Silva de Morais N, Stuart J, Guan H, Wang Z, Cibas ES, Frates MC, Benson CB, Cho NL, Nehs MA, Alexander CA, Marqusee E, Kim MI, Lorch JH, Barletta JA, Angell TE, Alexander EK. The Impact of Hashimoto Thyroiditis on Thyroid Nodule Cytology and Risk of Thyroid Cancer. J Endocr Soc. 2019 Mar 5;3(4):791-800. doi: 10.1210/js.2018-00427. PMID: 30963137; PMCID: PMC6446886.
Yuan J, Qi S, Zhang X, Lai H, Li X, Xiaoheng C, Li Z, Yao S, Ding Z. Local symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 19;13:1076793. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1076793. PMID: 36743914; PMCID: PMC9892448.
Wang XL, Wang YX, Liu M, Cheng Y, He XJ, Zhang YL. Twin sisters with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Endokrynol Pol. 2020;71(6):573-574. doi: 11.5603/EP.a2020.0069. Epub 2020 Oct 30. PMID: 33125698.
Broniarczyk-Czarniak M. Zaburzenia psychiczne współistniejące z chorobą Hashimoto — przegląd piśmiennictwa. Psychiatria 2017; 14(4): 209-216.
Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Carpiniello B, et al. A case control study on psychiatric disorders in Hashimoto disease and Euthyroid Goitre: not only depressive but also anxiety disorders are associated with thyroid autoimmunity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2005; 1: 23, doi: 10.1186/1745-0179-1-23, indexed in Pubmed: 16285879.
Bocchetta A, Traccis F, Mosca E, et al. Bipolar disorder and antithyroid antibodies: review and case series. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2016; 4(1): 5, doi: 10.1186/s40345-016-0046-4, indexed in Pubmed: 26869176.
Pop VJ, Wijnen HA, Lapkienne L, et al. The relation between gestational thyroid parameters and depression: a reflection of the downregulation of the immune system during pregnancy? Thyroid. 2006; 16(5): 485–492, doi: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.485, indexed in Pubmed: 16756471.
Lin CL, Yang SN, Shiah IS. Acute mania in a patient with hypothyroidism resulting from Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013; 35(6): 683.e1–683.e2, doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.06.013, indexed in Pubmed: 23906839.
Ayhan MG, Uguz F, Askin R, et al. The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a comparative study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014; 36(1): 95–98, doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.002, indexed in Pubmed: 24211158.
Olmez I, Moses H, Sriram S, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci. 2013; 331(1-2): 67–71, doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.009, indexed in Pubmed: 23759502.
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, Małgorzata Gietka-Czernel, Małgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner, Wojciech Zgliczyński, Marek Ruchała, Andrzej Lewiński, Tomasz Bednarczuk, Anhelli Syrenicz, Beata Kos-Kudła, Barbara Jarząb, Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska, Jolanta Krajewska, Elżbieta Andrysiak-Mamos, Arkadiusz Zygmunt, Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska. Thyroid diseases and fertility disorders — Guidelines of the Polish Society of Endocrinology, Endokrynologia Polska DOI: 10.5603/EP.a2022.0069 ISSN 0423–104X, e-ISSN 2299–8306 Volume/Tom 73; Number/Numer 4/2022
Gerasimos E. Krassas, M.D.,Thyroid disease and female reproduction, FERTILITY AND STERILITY VOL. 74, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2000, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Panagia Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
Sarantaki A, Tsiorou K, Gourounti K. The impact of Hashimoto’s disease on female fertility: a systematic review. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2022;11:583-9.
Davis, L.E., Leveno, K.J., Gary Cunningham, F. Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 72, Issue 1, July 1988, Pages 108-112 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
Lecorguillé M, Léger J, Forhan A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with preexisting thyroid diseases: a French cohort study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 2021;12(5):704-713. doi:10.1017/S2040174420001051
Murat ÖNAL , Mehmet AĞAR, * , Aynur ADEVİYE ERŞAHİN , Kağan GÜNGÖR Hashimoto Thyroiditis a risk factor in male infertility? J Exp Clin Med 2022; 39(4): 1056-1060
Alahmar A, Dutta S, Sengupta P. Thyroid hormones in male reproduction and infertility. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2019; 203-10
Gerasimos E. Krassas, Nikolaos Pontikides, Male reproductive function in relation with thyroid alterations, Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 183-195
Singh, V., Agrawal, N.K., Verma, R., Singh, K. (2017). HPG Axis: The Central Regulator of Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility. In: SINGH, R., Singh, K. (eds) Male Infertility: Understanding, Causes and Treatment. Springer, Singapore.
Caturegli P, De Remigis A, Rose NR. Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 13(4-5): 391-7.
Feghali K, Atallah J, Norman C. Manifestations of thyroid disease post COVID-19 illness: Report of Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Transl Endocrinol Case Rep. 2021; 22:100094.
Waka Yoshioka,Nobuyuki Amino, Akane Ide, Shino Kang,Takumi Kudo,Eijun Nishihara,Mitsuru Ito, Hirotoshi Nakamura, Akira Miyauchi, Thyroxine treatment may be useful for subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with female infertility, Endocrine Journal, 2015, Volume 62, Issue 1, Pages 87-92
Abbasgholizadeh, P., Naseri, A., Nasiri, E. et al. Is Hashimoto thyroiditis associated with increasing risk of thyroid malignancies? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid Res 14, 26 (2021)
Hu, X., & Wang, X. (2022). Cancer risk in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 937871.
Schiffmann, L., Kostev, K. & Kalder, M. Association between various thyroid gland diseases, TSH values and thyroid cancer: a case–control study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 146, 2989–2994 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03283-x
Xu J, Ding K, Mu L, Huang J, Ye F, Peng Y, Guo C and Ren C (2022) Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A “Double Edged Sword” in Thyroid Carcinoma. Front. Endocrinol. 13:801925. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.801925
Xu J, Ding K, Mu L, Huang J, Ye F, Peng Y, Guo C and Ren C (2022) Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A “Double Edged Sword” in Thyroid Carcinoma. Front. Endocrinol. 13:801925. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.801925
Xu S, Huang H, Qian J, et al. Prevalence of Hashimoto Thyroiditis in Adults With Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Its Association With Cancer Recurrence and Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2118526. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18526
Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Wartofsky L. Hashimoto thyroiditis: an evidence-based guide to etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022 Mar 30;132(3):16222. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16222. Epub 2022 Mar 3. PMID: 35243857; PMCID: PMC9478900.
Xu J, Ding K, Mu L, Huang J, Ye F, Peng Y, Guo C and Ren C (2022) Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A “Double Edged Sword” in Thyroid Carcinoma. Front. Endocrinol. 13:801925. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.801925
Shahid MA, Ashraf MA, Sharma S. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023. PMID: 29763182.
Khan R, Sikanderkhel S, Gui J, et al. Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease: A Focused Review on the Impact of Hyperthyroidism in Heart Failure. Cardiol Res. 2020;11(2):68-75. doi:10.14740/cr1034
Zúñiga D, Balasubramanian S, Mehmood KT, Al-Baldawi S, Zúñiga Salazar G. Hypothyroidism and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e52512. Published 2024 Jan 18. doi:10.7759/cureus.52512
Majer D, Warwas S, Pabis P, Mazurek M, Średniawa B, Jędrzejczyk-Patej E. Thyroid gland dysfunction in heart rhythm disorders. In a good rythm. (2023);2(67):19-24. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2602.
Gietka-Czernel, M. Hypothyroidism and cardiovascular system. Post Nauk Med. 2012; 11: 877–881.
Kaur H, Chakwop Ngassa H, Elmenawi KA, Anil V, Gosal H, Mohammed L. Hypothyroidism-Related Cardiac Tamponade. Cureus. 2021;13(10):e18611. Published 2021 Oct 8. doi:10.7759/cureus.18611
Razvi, S, Jabbar, A, Pingitore, A. et al. Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Apr, 71 (16) 1781–1796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.045
Lichtiger, A., Fadaei, G., & Tagoe, C. E. (2024). Autoimmune thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis: where the twain meet. Clinical Rheumatology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-024-06888-6
Bagherzadeh-Fard, M., Yazdanifar, M. A., Aghaali, M., & Masoumi, M. (2022). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Rheumatology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41927-022-00293-9
Cárdenas Roldán, J., Amaya-Amaya, J., Castellanos-de la Hoz, J., Giraldo-Villamil, J., Montoya-Ortiz, G., Cruz-Tapias, P., Rojas-Villarraga, A., Mantilla, R. D., & Anaya, J.-M. (2012). Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Global Perspective. Arthritis, 2012, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/864907
McCanlies, E., O’Leary, L. A., Foley, T. P., Kramer, M. K., Burke, J. P., Libman, A., Swan, J. S., Steenkiste, A. R., McCarthy, B. J., Trucco, M., & Dorman, J. S. (1998). Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Differences among Individuals with and without Abnormal Thyroid Function1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 83(5), 1548–1551. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.5.4769
Sharma, H., Sahlot, R., Purwar, N., Garg, U., Saran, S., Sharma, B., & Mathur, S. K. (2022). Co-existence of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune ailments in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 16(2), 102405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102405
Ch'ng, C. L., Jones, M. K., & Kingham, J. G. C. (2007). Celiac Disease and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Clinical Medicine & Research, 5(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2007.738
Prashant, P., Garg, R., Bansal, P., & Praveen, S. (2023). Thyroid Autoimmunity in Vitiligo: A Case-Control Study. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34031
Baldini, E., Odorisio, T., Sorrenti, S., Catania, A., Tartaglia, F., Carbotta, G., Pironi, D., Rendina, R., D’Armiento, E., Persechino, S., & Ulisse, S. (2017). Vitiligo and Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00290
Athanassiou, L., Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I., Kaiafa, G., Tsakiridis, P., Koukosias, N., Mitsoulis, S., Savopoulos, C., & Athanassiou, P. (2023). Thyroid Disease and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medicina, 59(11), 1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59111911
Lin, H.-C., Chang, H.-M., Hung, Y.-M., Chang, R., Chen, H.-H., & Wei, J. C.-C. (2023b). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increases the risk of new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-023-02999-8
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Klaudia Brygida Kułak, Karolina Alicja Palacz, Katarzyna Gadżała, Izabela Janik, Marzena Pliszka, Katarzyna Chamera-Cyrek, Anna Maria Koman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 572
Number of citations: 0
