Health effects of energy drinks, facts and myths - literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2024.61.001Keywords
energy drinks, toxicity, adolescent, health effectsAbstract
Energy drinks are carbonated or non-carbonated beverages containing stimulants designed to improve energy and concentration. These drinks are gaining popularity, specifically among teenagers and young adults. However, despite their easy availability on store shelves, there is growing concern about the safety and health effects of consuming energy drinks in particular. Energy drinks appear to have the greatest impact on the cardiovascular system, leading to increased blood pressure and increased heart rate, and on the mental state of consumers, in the long term causing increased levels of anxiety. The paper also addresses the effects of energy drinks on the nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Despite many studies, the health effects of energy drinks have still not been fully investigated, so there is a need for further research on the subject and for age-appropriate regulation of consumers and their education.
References
Heckman MA, Sherry K, De Mejia EG. Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in the United States. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2010;9(3):303-317. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00111.x
Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE. Health Effects of Energy Drinks on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. PEDIATRICS. 2011;127(3):511-528. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3592
https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Raport-z-projektu-EFSA-18.10.pdf [accesed Jan 15 2024]
Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, Carpenter-Aeby T, Barber-Heidal K. A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutr J. 2007;6(1). doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-35
https://www.infor.pl/prawo/nowosci-prawne/6425809,czy-napoje-energetyczne-sa-od-18-lat-tak-od-1-stycznia-2024-r-jest.html [accesed Jan 15 2024}
Holtzman SG, Mante S, Minneman KP. Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;256(1):62-68.
dePaula J, Farah A. Caffeine Consumption through Coffee: Content in the Beverage, Metabolism, Health Benefits and Risks. Beverages. 2019;5(2):37. doi:10.3390/beverages5020037
Zucconi S, Volpato C, Adinolfi F et al. Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks. EFSA Support Publ. 2013;10(3). doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.en-394
Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, Czachor JD, Westphal JA, Mestre MA. The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080
Sekuła MJ, Kaleta N, Pawłucki P et al. Energy drinks - product ingredients and their potential toxicity. J Educ Health Sport. 2023;44(1):185-202. doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.44.01.012
Huxtable RJ. Physiological actions of taurine. Physiol Rev. 1992;72(1):101-163. doi:10.1152/physrev.1992.72.1.101
Wójcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y. The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(1):19-25. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.002
Seidl R, Peyrl A, Nicham R, Hauser E. A taurine and caffeine-containing drink stimulates cognitive performance and well-being. Amino Acids. 2000;19(3-4):635-642. doi:10.1007/s007260070013
D'Angelo, S. & Ascione, A. (2020). Guarana and physical performance: A myth or reality?. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15(3proc), S539-S551. doi:https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc3.07
Cavalcanti AL, Costa Oliveira M, Florentino VG, dos Santos JA, Vieira FF, Cavalcanti CL. Short communication: in vitro assessment of erosive potential of energy drinks. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010;11(5):253-255. doi:10.1007/bf03262757
Steinke L, Lanfear DE, Dhanapal V, Kalus JS. Effect of “energy drink” consumption on hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters in healthy young adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43(4):596-602. doi:10.1345/aph.1l614
Elitok A, Oz F, Panc C et al. Acute effects of Red Bull energy drink on ventricular repolarization in healthy young volunteers: a prospective study. Anatol J Cardiol. 2015;15(11):919-922. doi:10.5152/akd.2015.5791
Ammar R, Song JC, Kluger J, White CM. Evaluation of electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of caffeine with acute dosing in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21(4):437-442. doi:10.1592/phco.21.5.437.34502
Sutherland DJ, McPherson DD, Renton KW, Spencer CA, Montague TJ. The effect of caffeine on cardiac rate, rhythm, and ventricular repolarization. Analysis of 18 normal subjects and 18 patients with primary ventricular dysrhythmia. Chest. 1985;87(3):319-324. doi:10.1378/chest.87.3.319
Morgan JC, Sethi KD. Drug-induced tremors. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(12):866-876. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70250-7
van Koert RR, Bauer PR, Schuitema I, Sander JW, Visser GH. Caffeine and seizures: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Epilepsy Amp Behav. 2018;80:37-47. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.003
Costantino A, Maiese A, Lazzari J et al. The dark side of energy drinks: a comprehensive review of their impact on the human body. Nutrients. 2023;15(18):3922. doi:10.3390/nu15183922
Walther J, Aldrian U, Stüger HP, Kiefer I, Ekmekcioglu C. Nutrition, lifestyle factors, and mental health in adolescents and young adults living in Austria. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2014;26(3):377-386. doi:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0310
Trapp GS, Allen K, O'Sullivan TA, Robinson M, Jacoby P, Oddy WH. Energy drink consumption is associated with anxiety in australian young adult males. Depress Anxiety. 2013;31(5):420-428. doi:10.1002/da.22175
Azagba S, Langille D, Asbridge M. An emerging adolescent health risk: caffeinated energy drink consumption patterns among high school students. Prev Med. 2014;62:54-59. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.019
Richards G, Smith A. Caffeine consumption and self-assessed stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29(12):1236-1247. doi:10.1177/0269881115612404
Cannon ME, Cooke CT, McCarthy JS. Caffeine‐induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Med J Aust. 2001;174(10):520-521. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143404.x
Szatmary P, Grammatikopoulos T, Cai W et al. Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and treatment. Drugs. 2022. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01766-4
Randhawa N, Shah M, Spyratos T. The pain of staying alert: a case report and literature review on energy drink–induced acute pancreatitis. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2022;10:232470962211044. doi:10.1177/23247096221104468
Peacock A, Bruno R, Martin FH. Patterns of use and motivations for consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):202-206. doi:10.1037/a0029985
Reis R, Charehsaz M, Sipahi H et al. Energy drink induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in rat liver and brain when used alone or combined with alcohol. J Food Sci. 2017;82(4):1037-1043. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13662
Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for vitamin A. EFSA J. 2015;13(3):4028. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4028
Bonar EE, Green MR, Ashrafioun L. Characteristics of university students who mix alcohol and energy drinks. J Am Coll Health. 2017;65(4):288-293. doi:10.1080/07448481.2017.1280799
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Michał Żuber, Paulina Dąbrowska, Karol Bochyński, Michał Dacka, Katarzyna Molenda, Konrad Białogłowski, Katarzyna Ciuba, Filip Borodziuk, Barbara Borodziuk, Kamila Giżewska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 783
Number of citations: 0