Testing the Validity of Patellar Measurements in Sex Estimation – A Computed Tomography Study in a Contemporary Polish Population
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.20.01.015Keywords
Sex Estimation, Sexual Dimorphism, Patella, Forensic Anthropology, Multidetector Computed TomographyAbstract
Introduction and purpose: Human skeleton-based sex estimation is a major topic of interest for forensic anthropologists. Various bones have been examined for sex heterogeneity. The most commonly used include skull and pelvis, however they may not always be used due to damage or fragmentation. The patella has been shown to be resistant to postmortem changes, which creates a potential use for determining the sex of unknown human remains.
Materials and methods: The samples were gathered from patients examined by computed tomography angiography (CTA) of lower extremities in University Hospital No. 4 in Lublin. Exclusion criteria included patellar fractures, knee replacement and advanced osteoporosis. A total of 120 CTA examinations of 65 males and 55 females, were included in the analysis. Four measurements for every patella: craniocaudal patella dimension (CCP), transverse dimension (TP), anteroposterior dimension (APP) and patellar angle (PA), were obtained from CTA images.
Results: The statistical analysis proved that sex differences of all variables, except for PA, were statistically significant (p < 0,001).
Conclusions: Patellar measurements can be helpful in sex determination in the Polish population. CT is a useful tool for skeleton-based sex identification.
References
Krishan K, Chatterjee PM, Kanchan T, et al. A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;261:165.e1-165.e1658. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.007
Işcan MY, Steyn M. The Human Skeleton In Forensic Medicine. 3rd ed. Charles C Thomas Publisher; 2013.
Boldsen JL, Milner GR, Boldsen SK. Sex estimation from modern American humeri and femora, accounting for sample variance structure. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015;158(4):745-750. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22812
Kubicka AM, Piontek J. Sex estimation from measurements of the first rib in a contemporary Polish population. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130(1):265-272. doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1247-6
Peleg S, Kallevag RP, Dar G, et al. New methods for sex estimation using sternum and rib morphology. Int J Legal Med. 2020;134(4):1519-1530. doi:10.1007/s00414-020-02266-4
Zhang K, Cui JH, Luo YZ, et al. Estimation of stature and sex from scapular measurements by three-dimensional volume-rendering technique using in Chinese. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2016;21:58-63. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.06.004
Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Sex estimation based on scapula analysis in a Japanese population using multidetector computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;262:285.e1-285.e2855. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.023
Demir U, Etli Y, Hekimoglu Y, et al. Sex estimation from the clavicle using 3D reconstruction, discriminant analyses, and neural networks in an Eastern Turkish population. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022;56:102043. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102043
Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Sex assessment based on clavicular measurements in a modern Japanese population using multidetector computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;285:207.e1-207.e5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.009
Yonguc GN, Kurtulus A, Bayazit O, et al. Estimation of stature and sex from sternal lengths: an autopsy study. Anat Sci Int. 2015;90(2):89-96. doi:10.1007/s12565-014-0235-0
Zhang K, Luo YZ, Chen XG et al. Sexual dimorphism of sternum using computed tomography – volume rendering technique images of Western Chinese. Aust J of Forensic Sci. 2016;48(3):297-304. doi:10.1080/00450618.2015.1060523
Gama I, Navega D, Cunha E. Sex estimation using the second cervical vertebra: a morphometric analysis in a documented Portuguese skeletal sample. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129(2):365-372. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1083-0
Karaca AM, Senol E, Eraslan C. Evaluation of the usage of the cervical 7th vertebra in sex estimation with measurements on computerized tomography images. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2023;62:102220. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102220
Etli Y, Asirdizer M, Hekimoglu Y, et al. Sex estimation from sacrum and coccyx with discriminant analyses and neural networks in an equally distributed population by age and sex. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;303:109955. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109955
Zhan MJ, Fan F, Qiu LR, et al. Estimation of stature and sex from sacrum and coccyx measurements by multidetector computed tomography in Chinese. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2018;34:21-26. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.07.003
Sen J, Kanchan T, Ghosh A, et al. Estimation of Sex From Index and Ring Finger Lengths in An Indigenous Population of Eastern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(11):HC01-HC5. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/14940.6846
Navega D, Vicente R, Vieira DN, et al. Sex estimation from the tarsal bones in a Portuguese sample: a machine learning approach. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129(3):651-659. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1070-5
Köse E, Göller Bulut D. The use of hyoid bone dimensions in age and sex estimation in a Turkish population: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2022;81(1):183-189. doi:10.5603/FM.a2021.0051
Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Determination of sex on the basis of hyoid bone measurements in a Japanese population using multidetector computed tomography. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132(3):907-914. doi:10.1007/s00414-017-1728-x
Yasar Teke H, Ünlütürk Ö, Günaydin E, et al. Determining gender by taking measurements from magnetic resonance images of the patella. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:87-92. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2018.05.002
Introna F Jr, Di Vella G, Campobasso CP. Sex determination by discriminant analysis of patella measurements. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;95(1):39-45. doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00080-2
Bidmos MA, Steinberg N, Kuykendall KL. Patella measurements of South African whites as sex assessors. Homo. 2005;56(1):69-74. doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2004.10.002
Kemkes-Grottenthaler A. Sex determination by discriminant analysis: an evaluation of the reliability of patella measurements. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;147(2-3):129-133. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.075
Sakaue K. New method for diagnosis of the sex and age-at-death of an adult human skeleton from the patella. Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci. 2008;34:43-51.
Akhlaghi M, Sheikhazadi A, Naghsh A, et al. Identification of sex in Iranian population using patella dimensions. J Forensic Leg Med. 2010;17(3):150-155. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2009.11.005
Phoophalee P, Prasitwattanasereeb S, Riengrojpitaka S, et al. Sex determination by patella measurements in Thais. Proceedings of 1st Asean Plus Three Graduate Research Congress; 2012 Mar 1-2; Chiang Mai, Thailand
Kayalvizhi I, Arora S, Dang S, et al. Sex determination by applying discriminant functional analysis on patellar morphometry. Int J Sci Res. 2015;4(11):1511-1515.
Peckmann TR, Meek S, Dilkie N, et al. Determination of sex from the patella in a contemporary Spanish population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;44:84-91. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2016.09.007
Lee UY, Kim IB, Kwak DS. Sex determination using discriminant analysis of upper and lower extremity bones: New approach using the volume and surface area of digital model. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;253:135.e1-135.e1354. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.017
Abdelaleem SA, Hassan OA, Abdelazeem IK et al. Role of patellar imaging using 3D computed tomography in determination of sex and stature in upper Egypt population. Int J Forensic Sci Res. 2016;4: 289-296.
Michiue T, Hishmat AM, Oritani S, et al. Virtual computed tomography morphometry of the patella for estimation of sex using postmortem Japanese adult data in forensic identification. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;285:206.e1-206.e6. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.029
Yasar Teke H, Ünlütürk Ö, Günaydin E, et al. Determining gender by taking measurements from magnetic resonance images of the patella. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:87-92. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2018.05.002
Zhan MJ, Li CL, Fan F, et al. Estimation of sex based on patella measurements in a contemporary Chinese population using multidetector computed tomography: An
automatic measurement method. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2020;47:101778. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101778
Rahmani E, Mohammadi S, Babahajian A, et al. Anthropometric characteristics of patella for sex estimation using magnetic resonance images. J Forensic Radiol Imaging. 2020;23:200412. doi:10.1016/j.fri.2020.200412
Indra L, Vach W, Desideri J, et al. Testing the validity of population-specific sex estimation equations: An evaluation based on talus and patella measurements. Sci Justice. 2021;61(5):555-563. doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2021.06.011
Ahmed D, Tharwat N, Emam N. Morphometric Study of Patella and Its Role in Sex Determination Among Egyptians Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mansoura Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, 2022;30(1):1-15. doi: 10.21608/mjfmct.2021.74572.1032
Bidmos MA, Olateju OI, Latiff S, et al. Machine learning and discriminant function analysis in the formulation of generic models for sex prediction using patella measurements. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137(2):471-485. doi:10.1007/s00414-022-02899-7
Öner S. , Turan M. , Öner Z. Estimation of Gender by Using Decision Tree, a Machine Learning Algorithm, With Patellar Measurements Obtained From MDCT Images. Med Records. 2021; 3(1): 1-9. doi:10.37990/medr.843451
Tomaszewska A, Kwiatkowska B, Grabka D. Sex determination from human patella in a Polish medieval sample. Anthropol Anz. 2022;79(4):423-432. doi:10.1127/anthranz/2022/1450
O'Donnell C, Iino M, Mansharan K, et al. Contribution of postmortem multidetector CT scanning to identification of the deceased in a mass disaster: Experience gained from the 2009 Victorian bushfires. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;205(1-3):15-28. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.026
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Karol Jakubik, Mikołaj Jeżak, Aleksandra Nowińska, Monika Grudzień, Piotr Piech, Justyna Karpińska, Grzegorz Staśkiewicz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 276
Number of citations: 0
