Pancreatic cancer - diagnosis, risk factors and treatment. Literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.17.01.016Keywords
pancreatic cancer, surgical treatment, systemic treatment, chemotherapy, biomarkers, risk factorsAbstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive tumor. Due to the lack of characteristic symptoms, it is usually detected in the advanced stage. Resection of the tumor is possible only in 10-20% of all patients, which significantly extends and improves the quality of their life. Therefore, new diagnostic methods are sought to detect PCDA at an early stage. Biomarkers are also increasingly being used in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, as well as genetic testing to better identify those at risk and use screening among them. Despite the development of treatments for pancreatic cancer, it still has a low 5-year survival rate, so there is a constant need for research into more effective therapeutic modalities.
References
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 Jan;71(1):7-33. doi: 10.3322/caac.21654. Epub 2021 Jan 12. Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 Jul;71(4):359. PMID: 33433946.
Kommalapati A, Tella SH, Goyal G, Ma WW, Mahipal A. Contemporary Management of Localized Resectable Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2018 Jan 20;10(1):24. doi: 10.3390/cancers10010024. PMID: 29361690; PMCID: PMC5789374.
Orlewska K, Kozieł D. Pancreatic cancer in Poland: an analysis of incidence, mortality
and years of life lost over a period of 22 years. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne. 2021;37(4):300-305. doi:10.5114/ms.2021.112385.
Weissman S, Takakura K, Eibl G, Pandol SJ, Saruta M. The Diverse Involvement of Cigarette Smoking in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Prognosis. Pancreas. 2020 May/Jun;49(5):612-620. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001550. PMID: 32433397; PMCID: PMC7249487.
Hassan MM, Bondy ML, Wolff RA, Abbruzzese JL, Vauthey JN, Pisters PW, Evans DB, Khan R, Chou TH, Lenzi R, Jiao L, Li D. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Dec;102(12):2696-707. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01510.x. Epub 2007 Aug 31. PMID: 17764494; PMCID: PMC2423805.
Klein AP. Pancreatic cancer epidemiology: understanding the role of lifestyle and inherited risk factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jul;18(7):493-502. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00457-x. Epub 2021 May 17. PMID: 34002083; PMCID: PMC9265847.
Roy A, Sahoo J, Kamalanathan S, Naik D, Mohan P, Kalayarasan R. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer: Exploring the two-way traffic. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Aug 14;27(30):4939-4962. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.4939. PMID: 34497428; PMCID: PMC8384733.
Chen W, Butler RK, Lustigova E, Chari ST, Wu BU. Validation of the Enriching New-Onset Diabetes for Pancreatic Cancer Model in a Diverse and Integrated Healthcare Setting. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Jan;66(1):78-87. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06139-z. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32112260.
Andersen DK, Korc M, Petersen GM, Eibl G, Li D, Rickels MR, Chari ST, Abbruzzese JL. Diabetes, Pancreatogenic Diabetes, and Pancreatic Cancer. Diabetes. 2017 May;66(5):1103-1110. doi: 10.2337/db16-1477. PMID: 28507210; PMCID: PMC5399609.
Umans DS, Hoogenboom SA, Sissingh NJ, Lekkerkerker SJ, Verdonk RC, van Hooft JE. Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: A case of the chicken or the egg. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun 21;27(23):3148-3157. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3148. PMID: 34163103; PMCID: PMC8218365.
Weissman S, Takakura K, Eibl G, Pandol SJ, Saruta M. The Diverse Involvement of Cigarette Smoking in Pancreatic Cancer Development and Prognosis. Pancreas. 2020 May/Jun;49(5):612-620. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001550. PMID: 32433397; PMCID: PMC7249487.
Goldstein AM, Fraser MC, Struewing JP, Hussussian CJ, Ranade K, Zametkin DP, Fontaine LS, Organic SM, Dracopoli NC, Clark WH Jr, et al. Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in melanoma-prone kindreds with p16INK4 mutations. N Engl J Med. 1995 Oct 12;333(15):970-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199510123331504. PMID: 7666916.
Latchford A, Greenhalf W, Vitone LJ, Neoptolemos JP, Lancaster GA, Phillips RK. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and screening for pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg. 2006 Dec;93(12):1446-55. doi: 10.1002/bjs.5609. PMID: 17115408.
Weiss FU. Pancreatic cancer risk in hereditary pancreatitis. Front Physiol. 2014 Feb 20;5:70. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00070. PMID: 24600409; PMCID: PMC3929831.
Roberts NJ, Norris AL, Petersen GM, Bondy ML, Brand R, Gallinger S, Kurtz RC, Olson SH, Rustgi AK, Schwartz AG, Stoffel E, Syngal S, Zogopoulos G, Ali SZ, Axilbund J, Chaffee KG, Chen YC, Cote ML, Childs EJ, Douville C, Goes FS, Herman JM, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Kramer M, Makohon-Moore A, McCombie RW, McMahon KW, Niknafs N, Parla J, Pirooznia M, Potash JB, Rhim AD, Smith AL, Wang Y, Wolfgang CL, Wood LD, Zandi PP, Goggins M, Karchin R, Eshleman JR, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Hruban RH, Klein AP. Whole Genome Sequencing Defines the Genetic Heterogeneity of Familial Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2016 Feb;6(2):166-75. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0402. Epub 2015 Dec 9. PMID: 26658419; PMCID: PMC4744563.
Abe K, Kitago M, Kitagawa Y, Hirasawa A. Hereditary pancreatic cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct;26(10):1784-1792. doi: 10.1007/s10147-021-02015-6. Epub 2021 Sep 2. PMID: 34476650; PMCID: PMC8449773.
Wood LD, Canto MI, Jaffee EM, Simeone DM. Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis, Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Gastroenterology. 2022 Aug;163(2):386-402.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.03.056. Epub 2022 Apr 7. PMID: 35398344; PMCID: PMC9516440.
O'Neill RS, Stoita A. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Are we closer to finding the golden ticket? World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jul 14;27(26):4045-4087. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i26.4045. PMID: 34326612; PMCID: PMC8311531.
Scarà S, Bottoni P, Scatena R. CA 19-9: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;867:247-60. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_15. PMID: 26530370.
Hirshberg Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Foundation www.pancreatic.org
Chu LC, Goggins MG, Fishman EK. Diagnosis and Detection of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer J. 2017 Nov/Dec;23(6):333-342. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000290. PMID: 29189329.
Lee ES, Lee JM. Imaging diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: a state-of-the-art review. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 28;20(24):7864-77. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7864. PMID: 24976723; PMCID: PMC4069314.
National Cancer Institute. Cancer stat facts: pancreatic cancer. 2021. Available at: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/pancreas.html. Accessed July 26, 2023
Goggins M, Overbeek KA, Brand R, Syngal S, Del Chiaro M, Bartsch DK, Bassi C, Carrato A, Farrell J, Fishman EK, Fockens P, Gress TM, van Hooft JE, Hruban RH, Kastrinos F, Klein A, Lennon AM, Lucas A, Park W, Rustgi A, Simeone D, Stoffel E, Vasen HFA, Cahen DL, Canto MI, Bruno M; International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) consortium. Management of patients with increased risk for familial pancreatic cancer: updated recommendations from the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) Consortium. Gut. 2020 Jan;69(1):7-17. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319352. Epub 2019 Oct 31. Erratum in: Gut. 2020 Jun;69(6):e3. PMID: 31672839; PMCID: PMC7295005.
Corral JE, Mareth KF, Riegert-Johnson DL, Das A, Wallace MB. Diagnostic Yield From Screening Asymptomatic Individuals at High Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Jan;17(1):41-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.065. Epub 2018 Jun 30. PMID: 29775792.
Suenaga M, Yu J, Shindo K, Tamura K, Almario JA, Zaykoski C, Witmer PD, Fesharakizadeh S, Borges M, Lennon AM, Shin EJ, Canto MI, Goggins M. Pancreatic Juice Mutation Concentrations Can Help Predict the Grade of Dysplasia in Patients Undergoing Pancreatic Surveillance. Clin Cancer Res. 2018 Jun 15;24(12):2963-2974. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2463. Epub 2018 Jan 4. PMID: 29301828; PMCID: PMC6435263.
Fahrmann JF, Schmidt CM, Mao X, Irajizad E, Loftus M, Zhang J, Patel N, Vykoukal J, Dennison JB, Long JP, Do KA, Zhang J, Chabot JA, Kluger MD, Kastrinos F, Brais L, Babic A, Jajoo K, Lee LS, Clancy TE, Ng K, Bullock A, Genkinger J, Yip-Schneider MT, Maitra A, Wolpin BM, Hanash S. Lead-Time Trajectory of CA19-9 as an Anchor Marker for Pancreatic Cancer Early Detection. Gastroenterology. 2021 Mar;160(4):1373-1383.e6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.052. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PMID: 33333055; PMCID: PMC8783758.
Grunvald MW, Jacobson RA, Kuzel TM, Pappas SG, Masood A. Current Status of Circulating Tumor DNA Liquid Biopsy in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 16;21(20):7651. doi: 10.3390/ijms21207651. PMID: 33081107; PMCID: PMC7589736.
Masiak-Segit W, Rawicz-Pruszyński K, Skórzewska M, Polkowski WP. Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pol Przegl Chir. 2018 Apr 30;90(2):45-53. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0011.7493. PMID: 29773761.
Turpin A, El Amrani M, Bachet JB, Pietrasz D, Schwarz L, Hammel P. Adjuvant Pancreatic Cancer Management: Towards New Perspectives in 2021. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec 21;12(12):3866. doi: 10.3390/cancers12123866. PMID: 33371464; PMCID: PMC7767489.
Yu Y, Zheng P, Chen Y, Wang B, Paul ME, Tao P, Wang D, Li H, Gu B, Gao L, Wang D, Chen H. Advances and challenges of neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2021 Dec;17(6):425-434. doi: 10.1111/ajco.13504. Epub 2020 Nov 8. PMID: 33164329.
Ferri-Borgogno S, Barui S, McGee AM, Griffiths T, Singh PK, Piett CG, Ghosh B, Bhattacharyya S, Singhi A, Pradhan K, Verma A, Nagel Z, Maitra A, Gupta S. Paradoxical Role of AT-rich Interactive Domain 1A in Restraining Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Sep 21;12(9):2695. doi: 10.3390/cancers12092695. PMID: 32967217; PMCID: PMC7564752.
Farren MR, Sayegh L, Ware MB, Chen HR, Gong J, Liang Y, Krasinskas A, Maithel SK, Zaidi M, Sarmiento JM, Kooby D, Patel P, El-Rayes B, Shaib W, Lesinski GB. Immunologic alterations in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment of patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. JCI Insight. 2020 Jan 16;5(1):e130362. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.130362. PMID: 31830001; PMCID: PMC7030821.
Klank-Sokołowska E, Kucharewicz M, Wojtukiewicz M. Nanoliposomal irinotecan — new perspectives for the treatment of patients with generalized pancreatic cancer. Oncol Prakt Klin Edu. 2019; 5: 295–303.
Kindler HL, Hammel P, Reni M, Van Cutsem E, Macarulla T, Hall MJ, Park JO, Hochhauser D, Arnold D, Oh DY, Reinacher-Schick A, Tortora G, Algül H, O'Reilly EM, Bordia S, McGuinness D, Cui K, Locker GY, Golan T. Overall Survival Results From the POLO Trial: A Phase III Study of Active Maintenance Olaparib Versus Placebo for Germline BRCA-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Dec 1;40(34):3929-3939. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01604. Epub 2022 Jul 14. PMID: 35834777.
Golan T, Hammel P, Reni M, Van Cutsem E, Macarulla T, Hall MJ, Park JO, Hochhauser D, Arnold D, Oh DY, Reinacher-Schick A, Tortora G, Algül H, O'Reilly EM, McGuinness D, Cui KY, Schlienger K, Locker GY, Kindler HL. Maintenance Olaparib for Germline BRCA-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 25;381(4):317-327. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1903387. Epub 2019 Jun 2. PMID: 31157963; PMCID: PMC6810605.
Zhao P, Li L, Jiang X, Li Q. Mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability-high as a predictor for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy efficacy. J Hematol Oncol. 2019 May 31;12(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0738-1. PMID: 31151482; PMCID: PMC6544911.
Petrioli R, Torre P, Pesola G, Paganini G, Paolelli L, Miano ST, Martellucci I, Francini G, Francini E. Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel followed by maintenance treatment with gemcitabine alone as first-line treatment for older adults with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2020 May;11(4):647-651. doi: 10.1016/j.jgo.2019.08.008. Epub 2019 Aug 27. PMID: 31471168.
Dahan L, Williet N, Le Malicot K, Phelip JM, Desrame J, Bouché O, Petorin C, Malka D, Rebischung C, Aparicio T, Lecaille C, Rinaldi Y, Turpin A, Bignon AL, Bachet JB, Seitz JF, Lepage C, François E; PRODIGE 35 Investigators/Collaborators. Randomized Phase II Trial Evaluating Two Sequential Treatments in First Line of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Results of the PANOPTIMOX-PRODIGE 35 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 10;39(29):3242-3250. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.03329. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PMID: 34288696.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Krzysztof Olczyk
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 278
Number of citations: 0
