Risk factors of colorectal cancer – literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.44.01.008Keywords
colorectal cancer, risk factorsAbstract
Introduction and purpose: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is very important to expand knowledge about this disease because it affects millions of people. Better understanding of the disease will help develop better prevention and treatment strategies. The aim of our work is to classify, analyze and describe colorectal cancer risk factors. This article was written based on articles found in the PubMed database.
State of knowledge: Colorectal cancer risk factors can be divided into two groups: modifiable and unmodifiable. Modifiable factors include: diet, low physical activity, smoking, alcohol, overweight and obesity. Unmodifiable factors include: age, sex, inflammatory bowel diseases, genetic factors, family history of colorectal cancer. Each of them increases the risk of developing the disease, the risk is the greater the more factors are present simultaneously. Modifiable factors seem to play a greater role in the development of the disease than unmodifable factors.
Summary: Studies of colorectal cancer risk factors may help in the development of prevention. It can also facilitate the personalization of preventive examinations and treatment. By influencing modifiable factors, we can reduce the risk of developing the disease, because following the principles of a healthy lifestyle can minimize the risk associated with genetic factors for the development of colorectal cancer.
References
Wojciechowska U, Barańska K, Michałek I, Olasek P, Miklewska M, Didkowska JA. NOWOTWORY ZŁOŚLIWE W POLSCE W 2020 ROKU [CANCER IN POLAND IN 2020], Warszawa 2022
Sung, H, Ferlay, J, Siegel, RL, Laversanne, M, Soerjomataram, I, Jemal, A, Bray, F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021: 71: 209- 249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Kuipers EJ, Grady WM, Lieberman D, Seufferlein T, Sung JJ, Boelens PG, van de Velde CJ, Watanabe T. Colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015 Nov 5;1:15065. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.65. PMID: 27189416; PMCID: PMC4874655.
Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017 Apr;66(4):683-691. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310912. Epub 2016 Jan 27. PMID: 26818619.
Dekker E, Tanis PJ, Vleugels JLA, Kasi PM, Wallace MB. Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2019 Oct 19;394(10207):1467-1480. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32319-0. PMID: 31631858.
Simon K. Colorectal cancer development and advances in screening. Clin Interv Aging. 2016 Jul 19;11:967-76. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S109285. PMID: 27486317; PMCID: PMC4958365.
Gupta S. (2022). Screening for Colorectal Cancer. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America, 36(3), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2022.02.001
Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Pradilla Dieste A, Cerrada E, Rodriguez Yoldi MJ. Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan 19;18(1):197. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010197. PMID: 28106826; PMCID: PMC5297828.
Elshami M, Dwikat MF, Al-Slaibi I, et al. Awareness of Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors in Palestine: Where Do We Stand?. JCO Glob Oncol. 2022;8:e2200070. doi:10.1200/GO.22.00070
Naing, C., Lai, P. K., & Mak, J. W. (2017). Immediately modifiable risk factors attributable to colorectal cancer in Malaysia. BMC public health, 17(1), 637. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4650-8
Wang, S., Yuan, Z., Wang, Y. et al. Modifiable lifestyle factors have a larger contribution to colorectal neoplasms than family history. BMC Cancer 22, 1051 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10141-1
Song, M., & Chan, A. T. (2019). Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 17(2), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012
Park M-B (2022) Effect of red meat, vegetable, tobacco, and alcohol consumption on national cancer mortality index: Data from 1989 to 2013 in 37 developed countries, Front. Nutr. 9:929553. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.929553
Zandonai AP, Sonobe HM, Sawada NO. Os fatores de riscos alimentares para câncer colorretal relacionado ao consumo de carnes [The dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer related to meat consumption]. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2012;46(1):234-239. doi:10.1590/s0080-62342012000100031
Song M, Chan AT, Sun J. Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(2):322-340. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.048
Azeem S, Gillani SW, Siddiqui A, Jandrajupalli SB, Poh V, Syed Sulaiman SA. Diet and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Asia--a Systematic Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(13):5389-5396. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.13.5389
Sninsky JA, Shore BM, Lupu GV, Crockett SD. Risk Factors for Colorectal Polyps and Cancer. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2022;32(2):195-213. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2021.12.008
Song M, Garrett WS, Chan AT. Nutrients, foods, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(6):1244-60.e16. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.035
Thanikachalam K, Khan G. Colorectal Cancer and Nutrition. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):164. Published 2019 Jan 14. doi:10.3390/nu11010164
Xing C, Du Y, Duan T, Nim K, Chu J, Wang HY and Wang R-F (2022) Interaction between microbiota and immunity and its implication in colorectal cancer. Front. Immunol. 13:963819. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963819
Kim N, Gim JA, Lee BJ, et al. Crosstalk between mucosal microbiota, host gene expression, and sociomedical factors in the progression of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13447. Published 2022 Aug 4. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17823-7
Duraiyarasan S, Adefuye M, Manjunatha N, Ganduri V, Rajasekaran K. Colon Cancer and Obesity: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e27589. Published 2022 Aug 1. doi:10.7759/cureus.27589
Soltani G, Poursheikhani A, Yassi M, Hayatbakhsh A, Kerachian M, Kerachian MA. Obesity, diabetes and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):113. Published 2019 Oct 29. doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0444-6
Ben Q, An W, Jiang Y, et al. Body mass index increases risk for colorectal adenomas based on meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2012;142(4):762–72. https:// doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.050
Suzuki S, Goto A, Nakatochi M, et al. Body mass index and colorectal cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Sci. 2021;112(4):1579-1588. doi:10.1111/cas.14824
WCRF-AICR. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018 Diet, nutrition, physical activity and colorectal cancer. Available at dietandcancerreport.org
Papadimitriou N, Dimou N, Tsilidis KK, et al. Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):597. Published 2020 Jan 30. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14389-8
Wolin KY, Yan Y, Colditz GA. Physical activity and risk of colon adenoma: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(5):882-885. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606045
Zhou X, Wang L, Xiao J, et al. Alcohol consumption, DNA methylation and colorectal cancer risk: Results from pooled cohort studies and Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cancer. 2022;151(1):83-94. doi:10.1002/ijc.33945
Varela-Rey M, Woodhoo A, Martinez-Chantar ML, Mato JM, Lu SC. Alcohol, DNA methylation, and cancer. Alcohol Res. 2013;35(1):25-35.
Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, et al. Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(9):1958-1972. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq653
Cleary SP, Cotterchio M, Shi E, Gallinger S, Harper P. Cigarette smoking, genetic variants in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, and colorectal cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(9):1000-1014. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq245
Chen X, Jansen L, Guo F, Hoffmeister M, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H. Smoking, Genetic Predisposition, and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2021;12(3):e00317. Published 2021 Mar 1. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000317
Bai X, Wei H, Liu W, et al. Cigarette smoke promotes colorectal cancer through modulation of gut microbiota and related metabolites. Gut. 2022;71(12):2439-2450. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325021
Wong MC, Ding H, Wang J, Chan PS, Huang J. Prevalence and risk factors of colorectal cancer in Asia. Intest Res. 2019;17(3):317-329. doi:10.5217/ir.2019.00021
Corley DA, Jensen CD, Marks AR, et al. Variation of adenoma prevalence by age, sex, race, and colon location in a large population: implications for screening and quality programs. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11(2): 172–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.09.010
Sifaki-Pistolla D, Poimenaki V, Fotopoulou I, et al. Significant Rise of Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Younger Adults and Strong Determinants: 30 Years Longitudinal Differences between under and over 50s. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(19):4799. Published 2022 Sep 30. doi:10.3390/cancers14194799
Binefa G, Rodríguez-Moranta F, Teule A, Medina-Hayas M. Colorectal cancer: from prevention to personalized medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(22):6786-6808. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6786
Nguyen SP, Bent S, Chen YH, Terdiman JP. Gender as a risk factor for advanced neoplasia and colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(6):676-81.e813. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.01.008
Marabotto, E.; Kayali, S.; Buccilli, S.; Levo, F.; Bodini, G.; Giannini, E.G.; Savarino, V.; Savarino, E.V. Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Epidemiology and Prevention: A Review. Cancers 2022, 14, 4254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ cancers14174254
Shah SC, Itzkowitz SH. Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Management. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(3):715-730.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.035
Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, et al. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990;323(18):1228–33. https://doi.org/ 10.1056/nejm199011013231802.
Hampel H, Kalady MF, Pearlman R, Stanich PP. Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2022;36(3):429-447. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2022.02.002
Kastrinos, Fay & Samadder, N. & Burt, Randall. (2019). Use of Family History and Genetic Testing to Determine Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 158. 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.029.
Samadder NJ, Smith KR, Hanson H, et al. Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer Among Family Members of All Ages, Regardless of Age of Index Case at Diagnosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(13):2305-11.e112. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.040
Mehraban Far P, Alshahrani A, Yaghoobi M. Quantitative risk of positive family history in developing colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(30):4278-4291. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4278
Cho YA, Lee J, Oh JH, et al. Genetic Risk Score, Combined Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1033-1040. doi:10.4143/crt.2018.447
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Agnieszka Urbańczyk, Julia Rutkowska, Klaudia Skorek, Rafał Babiak, Żaneta Rzęsa-Tokarczyk, Karolina Bajak, Agnieszka Gawęda, Agata Grabek, Paulina Czuchryta, Anastazja Domańska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1095
Number of citations: 0
