Effect of the SARS COV-2 virus on diabetes symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.48.01.011Keywords
insulin, glucose, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, diabetes mellitusAbstract
Because COVID-19 has been recognised as one of the most important pandemics in the history of humankind, in recent years many scientists have investigated the effect of the disease on various aspects of mental and physical human health. This article presents a literature review regarding the effect of SARS CoV-2 infection on the symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment of diabetes. It discusses the effect of infection with virus SARS-CoV-2 on the course of type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as the frequency of occurrence of the disease in patients affected by COVID-19. Moreover, it presents information on the pharmacotherapy and way of providing services by doctors during the pandemic. According to the literature, infection with virus SARS CoV-2 causes a general inflammation of the organisms and numerous metabolic and hormonal disturbances, and therefore affects the course of diabetes. It may lead not only to serious metabolic complications in the course of early diabetes, but also to the development of the disease. It was determined that infection with COVID-19 in diabetes patients (mainly type 2) increases the risk of complications (such as acute respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death).
References
Lai H, Yang M, Sun M, et al. Risk of incident diabetes after COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2022;137:155330. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155330.
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ 2016;i3857. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i3857. Published online. [3] Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus–present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011;8(4):228–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.183.
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th Edition. 2019. https: //diabetesatlas.org. [Accessed 23 June 2022].
Venkatesh N, Paldus B, Lee MH, MacIsaac RJ, Jenkins AJ, O’Neal DN. COVID-19, type 1 diabetes clinical practice, research, and remote medical care: a view from the land down-under. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020;14:803–[6] http://www.archiwum.mz.gov.pl/zdrowie-i-profilaktyka/choroby-cywilizacyjne/cukrzyca/
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus [published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2010 Apr;33(4):e57]. Diabetes Care. 2010;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S62-S69. doi:10.2337/dc10-S062
Knapp S. Diabetes and infection: is there a link? A mini-review. Gerontology 2013;59:99–104
Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. COVID-19 and Italy: what next. The Lancet. 2020;395(10231): 1225-8.
Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes MetabSyndr. 2020;14(4): 303-10.
Feldman EL, Savelieff MG, Hayek SS, Pennathur S, Kretzler M, Pop-Busui R. COVID-19 and diabetes: a collision and collusion of two diseases. Diabetes 2020;69 (12):2549–65. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi20-0032.
Ceriello, A., Hyperglycemia and COVID-19: What was known and what is really new? Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2020. 167: p. 108383-108383.
Nassar M, Daoud A, Nso N, et al. Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: Review Article. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(6):102268. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102268
Reiterer M, Rajan M, Gómez-Banoy N, et al. Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by insulin resistance and adipose tissue infectivity by SARS-CoV-2. Cell Metab. 2021;33(11):2174- 2188.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.009. [15] Sterne, J.A.C., et al., Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. Jama, 2020. 324(13): p. 1330-1341.
Nassar, M., et al., COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis case report with literature review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 2021: p. 102205.
Cyranka, K., Matejko, B., Klupa, T., Małecki, M., Cyganek, K., Kieć-Wilk, B., & Dudek, D. (2021). Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19: the level of anxiety, stress and the general mental health in comparison to healthy control. Cukrzyca typu 1 i COVID-19: poziom lęku, stresu i ogólnego stanu zdrowia psychicznego u pacjentów w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Psychiatria polska, 55(3), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/133356 [18] Lima-Martínez MM, Carrera Boada C, Madera-Silva MD, Marín W, Contreras M. COVID-19 and diabetes: A bidirectional relationship. COVID-19 y diabetes mellitus: una relación bidireccional. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2021;33(3):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2020.10.001
Scheen, A.J., M. Marre, and C. Thivolet, Prognostic factors in patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19: Findings from the CORONADO study and other recent reports. Diabetes & metabolism, 2020. 46(4): p. 265-271.
Boddu SK, Aurangabadkar G, Kuchay MS. New onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2211-2217. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.11.012 [21] Bronson SC. Letter to the Editor in response to the article “Lack of Type 1 Diabetes involvement in the SARS-CoV-2 population: Only a particular coincidence?”. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020; 3:108306
Nassar, M., et al., The association between COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2021. 15(1): p. 447-454.
Ebekozien, O.A., et al., Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19: Preliminary Findings From a Multicenter Surveillance Study in the U.S. Diabetes care, 2020. 43(8): p. e83-e85.
Elamari, S., et al., Characteristics and outcomes of diabetic patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2. The Pan African medical journal, 2020. 37: p. 32-32.
Chatterjee, S., et al., COVID-19: the endocrine opportunity in a pandemic. Minerva Endocrinol, 2020. 45(3): p. 204-227.
Wang, X., et al., Impacts of Type 2 Diabetes on Disease Severity, Therapeutic Effect, and Mortality of Patients With COVID-19. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2020. 105(12).
Rajpal A, Rahimi L, Ismail-Beigi F. Factors leading to high morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes. 2020;12(12):895-908. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13085
Bode B, Garrett V, Messler J, et al. Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020;14:813-821.
Palermo, N.E., A.R. Sadhu, and M.E. McDonnell, Diabetic Ketoacidosis in COVID-19: Unique Concerns and Considerations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020. 105(8).
Korytkowski, M., et al., A Pragmatic Approach to Inpatient Diabetes Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2020. 105(9): p. dgaa342.
The Lancet, H., COVID-19 coagulopathy: an evolving story. Lancet Haematol, 2020. 7(6): p. e425.
Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Renineangiotensinealdosterone system inhibitors in patients with covid-19. N Engl J Med March 30, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMsr2005760.
Hikmet, F. et al. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol. Syst. Biol. 16, e9610 (2020).
Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):303-310. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004
Lim, S., et al., COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2021. 17(1): p. 11-30.
Ceriello, A., Hyperglycemia and COVID-19: What was known and what is really new? Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2020. 167: p. 108383-108383.
Chen, Y., et al., Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Diabetes and COVID-19 in Association With Glucose-Lowering Medication. Diabetes Care, 2020. 43(7): p. 1399-1407.
DeFronzo, R., et al., Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: Current perspectives on causes and risk. Metabolism, 2016. 65(2): p. 20-29.
Bornstein, S.R., et al., Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2020. 8(6): p. 546-550.
Iacobellis, G., COVID-19 and diabetes: Can DPP4 inhibition play a role? Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2020. 162: p. 108125.
Pathan F, Selim S, Fariduddin M, et al. Bangladesh Endocrine Society (BES) Position Statement for Management of Diabetes and Other Endocrine Diseases in Patients with COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:2217-2228. Published 2021 May 18. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S293688
Apicella, M., et al., COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2020. 8(9): p. 782-792.
Mukherjee, J.J., K.K. Gangopadhyay, and S. Ray, Management of diabetes in patients with COVID- 19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2020. 8(8): p. 666.
Bettge, K., et al., Occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea reported as adverse events in clinical trials studying glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A systematic analysis of published clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2017. 19(3): p. 336-347.
Horby, P., et al., Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(21): p. 2030-2040.
Hwang, J.L. and R.E. Weiss, Steroid-induced diabetes: a clinical and molecular approach to understanding and treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2014. 30(2): p. 96-102.
Nassar, M., et al., Current systematic reviews and meta-analyses of COVID-19. World Journal of Virology, 2021. 10(4): p. 182-208.
Ghosh A, Arora B, Gupta R, Anoop S, Misra A. Efects of nationwide lockdown during COVID-19 epidemic on lifestyle and other medical issues of patients with type 2 diabetes in north India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):917. https://doi.org/10. 1016/J.DSX.2020.05.044.
Kim KS, Kim SJ, Kim S, Choi DW, Ju YJ, Park EC. Association of self-reported sedentary time with insulin resistance among Korean adults without diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/ S12889-018-6237-4/TABLES/3.
Hollander JE, Carr BG. Virtually perfect? Telemedicine for covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020 Mar 11. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2003539.
Papazafiropoulou A. Telemedicine and diabetes during the COVID-19 era. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis. 2022;7:e131-e135. Published 2022 Aug 31. doi:10.5114/amsad/150506
de Kreutzenberg SV. Telemedicine for the Clinical Management of Diabetes; Implications and Considerations After COVID-19 Experience. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2022;29(4):319-326. doi:10.1007/s40292-022-00524-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Anna Jaremek, Joanna Kępa, Norbert Kandefer, Michał Wyszkowski, Aleksandra Grabarczyk, Anna Pawlak, Sylwia Grad, Małgorzata Gregorek, Paweł Gregorek
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 311
Number of citations: 0
