Humanities
Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Editorial Team
    • Privacy Statement
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login

Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease among adults - a review of literature
  • Home
  • /
  • Clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease among adults - a review of literature
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. Vol. 37 No. 1 (2023) /
  4. Review Articles

Clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease among adults - a review of literature

Authors

  • Kamila Skoczylas Szpital Bielański im. Ks. Jerzego Popiełuszki SPZOZ w Warszawie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-605X
  • Sebastian Rokicki Samodzielny Publiczny Specjalistyczny Szpital Zachodni im. św. Jana Pawła II w Grodzisku Mazowieckim https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7548-7677
  • Katarzyna Schok Szpital Bielański im. Ks. Jerzego Popiełuszki SPZOZ w Warszawie https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3373-8300
  • Julia Mikulska Wojskowy Instytut Medyczny w Warszawie https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7452-8983

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.37.01.005

Keywords

Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis

Abstract

Introduction: The most common cause of hyperthyroidism among adults is Graves' disease. The symptoms that occur in the course of this disease affect various systems and organs, including the skin, eyes, cardiovascular system, nervous system and respiratory system.

The aim of the study: The aim of the work was to review available publications and materials and present the current state of knowledge on possible symptoms of Graves' disease among adults.

Material and method: A review of publications available in the PubMed database was conducted. Articles were searched in English using keywords such as Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, thyroid disease. Subsequently, works related to the subject of the publication were selected.

Conclusions: Graves' disease is a fairly common endocrine disorder, but its diagnosis can be delayed due to the variety and non-specificity of symptoms. In untreated cases, hyperthyroidism can lead to a life-threatening condition. Effective antithyroid drugs are available, so it is important to remain vigilant and recommend monitoring thyroid function tests if there are suspicions of its dysfunction.

References

Cooper, D. S. (2003). Hyperthyroidism. The Lancet, 362(9382), 459–468. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14073-1

Weetman, A. P. (2000). Graves’ Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(17), 1236–1248. doi:10.1056/nejm200010263431707

Brent, G. A. (2008). Graves’ Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(24), 2594–2605. doi:10.1056/nejmcp0801880

Vestergaard, P., & Mosekilde, L. (2003). Hyperthyroidism, Bone Mineral, and Fracture Risk—A Meta-Analysis. Thyroid, 13(6), 585–593. doi:10.1089/105072503322238854

Sandrine P. G. Bours, Tineke A. C. M. van Geel, Piet P. M. M. Geusens, Marcel J. W. Janssen, Heinrich M. J. Janzing, Ge A. Hoffland, Paul C. Willems, Joop P. W. van den Bergh, Contributors to Secondary Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases in Patients Presenting with a Clinical Fracture, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 96, Issue 5, 1 May 2011, Pages 1360–1367, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2135

Murphy, E., Glüer, C. C., Reid, D. M., Felsenberg, D., Roux, C., Eastell, R., & Williams, G. R. (2010). Thyroid Function within the Upper Normal Range Is Associated with Reduced Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Nonvertebral Fractures in Healthy Euthyroid Postmenopausal Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(7), 3173–3181. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2630

Chin, Y. H., Ng, C. H., Lee, M. H., Koh, J. W. H., Kiew, J., Yang, S. P., … Khoo, C. M. (2020). Prevalence of Thyroid Eye Disease in Graves’ Disease: A Meta‐Analysis and Systematic Review. Clinical Endocrinology. doi:10.1111/cen.14296

Lee MH, Chin YH, Ng CH, Nistala KRY, Ow ZGW, Sundar G, Yang SP, Khoo CM. Risk Factors of Thyroid Eye Disease. Endocr Pract. 2021 Mar;27(3):245-253. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2020.11.011. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PMID: 33655885.

Kendler DL, Lippa J, Rootman J. The initial clinical characteristics of Graves' orbitopathy vary with age and sex. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Feb;111(2):197-201. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090020051022. PMID: 8431156.

Mourits, M. P., Prummel, M. F., Wiersinga, W. M., & Koornneef, L. (1997). Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clinical Endocrinology, 47(1), 9–14. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x

Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system: from theory to practice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 May;78(5):1026-7. doi: 10.1210/jcem.78.5.8175954. PMID: 8175954.

Frost L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Hyperthyroidism and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Aug 9-23;164(15):1675-8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.15.1675. Erratum in: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb 14;165(3):307. PMID: 15302638.

Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K. (2001). Thyroid Hormone and the Cardiovascular System. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(7), 501–509. doi:10.1056/nejm200102153440707

Daher R, Yazbeck T, Jaoude JB, Abboud B. Consequences of dysthyroidism on the digestive tract and viscera. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun 21;15(23):2834-8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2834. PMID: 19533804; PMCID: PMC2699000.

Stern RA, Robinson B, Thorner AR, Arruda JE, Prohaska ML, Prange AJ Jr. A survey study of neuropsychiatric complaints in patients with Graves' disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996 Spring;8(2):181-5. doi: 10.1176/jnp.8.2.181. PMID: 9081554.

Feldman, A. Z., Shrestha, R. T., & Hennessey, J. V. (2013). Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Thyroid Disease. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 42(3), 453–476. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.005

Bauer, M., Goetz, T., Glenn, T., & Whybrow, P. C. (2008). The Thyroid-Brain Interaction in Thyroid Disorders and Mood Disorders. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20(10), 1101–1114. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01774.x

Suwalska A, Lacka K, Lojko D, et al. Quality of life, depressive symptoms and anxiety in hyperthyroid patients. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 2005;50(Suppl 1): 61–3.

Kathol RG, Delahunt JW. The relationship of anxiety and depression to symptoms of hyperthyroidism using operational criteria. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1986; 8(1):23–8.

Lekurwale V, Acharya S, Shukla S, Kumar S. Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Thyroid Diseases. Cureus. 2023 Jan 20;15(1):e33987. doi: 10.7759/cureus.33987. PMID: 36811059; PMCID: PMC9938951.

Ayres J, Rees J, Clark TJ, Maisey MN. Thyrotoxicosis and dyspnoea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1982 Jan;16(1):65-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1982.tb03148.x. PMID: 7074972.

Small, D., Gibbons, W., Levy, R. D., Lucas, F. de, Gregory, W., & Cosio, M. G. (1992). Exertional Dyspnea and Ventilation in Hyperthyroidism. Chest, 101(5), 1268–1273. doi:10.1378/chest.101.5.1268

Heymann WR. Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Jun;26(6):885-902. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(92)70130-8. PMID: 1607406.

Jadidi J, Sigari M, Efendizade A, Grigorian A, Lehto SA, Kolla S. Thyroid acropachy: A rare skeletal manifestation of autoimmune thyroid disease. Radiol Case Rep. 2019 May 23;14(8):917-919. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.04.021. PMID: 31193617; PMCID: PMC6536614.

Bartalena, L., & Fatourechi, V. (2014). Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 37(8), 691–700. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0097-2

KIRKEBY K, HANGAARD G, LINGJAERDE P. THE PIGMENTATION OF THYROTOXIC PATIENTS. Acta Med Scand. 1963 Sep;174:257-9. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb07920.x. PMID: 14058749.

Koutras DA. Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Jun 17;816:280-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52152.x. PMID: 9238278.

Carani C, Isidori AM, Granata A, Carosa E, Maggi M, Lenzi A, Jannini EA. Multicenter study on the prevalence of sexual symptoms in male hypo- and hyperthyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Dec;90(12):6472-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1135. Epub 2005 Oct 4. PMID: 16204360.

Downloads

  • PDF

Published

2023-06-06

How to Cite

1.
SKOCZYLAS, Kamila, ROKICKI, Sebastian, SCHOK, Katarzyna and MIKULSKA, Julia. Clinical manifestations of Graves’ disease among adults - a review of literature. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Online. 6 June 2023. Vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 67-73. [Accessed 18 November 2025]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2023.37.01.005.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

Vol. 37 No. 1 (2023)

Section

Review Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Kamila Skoczylas, Sebastian Rokicki, Katarzyna Schok, Julia Mikulska

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 797
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Browse Author Index
  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop