Acute radiation syndrome
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.36.01.006Keywords
ionizing radiation, acute radiation syndrome, radiobiology, radiation effectsAbstract
Over the last decades, along with progress and development of using ionizing radiation, including the fields of power engineering or nuclear weapons, it was possible to observe and describe negative effects of the radiation on human body. The phenomenon referred to as acute radiation syndrome describes the effects of radiation on living cells, depending on exposure time and absorbed dose, which affects the functioning of entire organism after the exposure. The following work describes how ionizing radiation causes changes at the cellular and tissue level, both directly and indirectly, taking into account the variables affecting final effects of exposure. Consecutive phases of acute radiation syndrome were distinguished, and the focus was also on individual groups of disorders resulting from exposure, which may overlap and coexist, i.e. hematopoietic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome and neurovascular syndrome, as well as developing multi-organ failure in some of the cases, leading to the patient's death. Exposure to ionizing radiation can result in diversified, variably intensified and spread over time symptoms from many organ systems. Depending on the characteristics of the exposure, its effects will differ, and thus the prognosis for the patient.
References
M. López and M. Martín, “Medical management of the acute radiation syndrome,” Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, vol. 16, no. 4. pp. 138–146, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.rpor.2011.05.001.
N. E. Bolus, “Basic Review of Radiation Biology and Terminology,” J Nucl Med Technol, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 259–264, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.2967/JNMT.117.195230.
U. Kabilan, T. E. Graber, T. Alain, and D. Klokov, “Ionizing radiation and translation control: A link to radiation hormesis?,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1–21, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijms21186650.
S. Tapio et al., “Ionizing radiation-induced circulatory and metabolic diseases,” Environ Int, vol. 146, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.ENVINT.2020.106235.
E. I. Azzam, J. P. Jay-Gerin, and D. Pain, “Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury,” Cancer Letters, vol. 327, no. 1–2. Cancer Lett, pp. 48–60, Dec. 31, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.012.
A. L. Dicarlo, N. Ramakrishnan, and R. J. Hatchett, “Radiation combined injury: overview of NIAID research,” Health physics, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 863–867, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1097/HP.0B013E3181A6EE32.
N. M. Gourd and N. Nikitas, “Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome,” Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 35, no. 12. J Intensive Care Med, pp. 1564–1575, Dec. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1177/0885066619871452.
“Acute Radiation Syndrome | CDC.” https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/ars.htm (accessed Apr. 22, 2023).
V. Mladenova, E. Mladenov, M. Stuschke, and G. Iliakis, “DNA Damage Clustering after Ionizing Radiation and Consequences in the Processing of Chromatin Breaks,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 5, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES27051540.
G. T. Sáez, “DNA injury and repair systems,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 19, no. 7. MDPI AG, Jul. 01, 2018. doi: 10.3390/ijms19071902.
I. Szumiel, “Ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress, epigenetic changes and genomic instability: The pivotal role of mitochondria,” International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 91, no. 1. Informa Healthcare, pp. 1–12, Jan. 01, 2015. doi: 10.3109/09553002.2014.934929.
M. C. Jiménez-Ramos et al., “Study of Ionization Charge Density-Induced Gain Suppression in LGADs,” Sensors (Basel), vol. 22, no. 3, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/S22031080.
A. L. Dicarlo, M. J. Homer, and C. N. Coleman, “United States medical preparedness for nuclear and radiological emergencies,” Journal of Radiological Protection, vol. 41, no. 4, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac0d3f.
L. Wang et al., “Deteriorative Effects of Radiation Injury Combined with Skin Wounding in a Mouse Model.,” Toxics, vol. 10, no. 12, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/toxics10120785.
M. Macià i Garau, A. Lucas Calduch, and E. C. López, “Radiobiology of the acute radiation syndrome,” Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy, vol. 16, no. 4. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother, pp. 123–130, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.rpor.2011.06.001.
P. Gourmelon, M. Benderitter, J. M. Bertho, C. Huet, N. C. Gorin, and P. De Revel, “European consensus on the medical management of acute radiation syndrome and analysis of the radiation accidents in belgium and senegal,” in Health Physics, Health Phys, Jun. 2010, pp. 825–832. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181ce64d4.
T. J. MacVittie et al., “The prolonged gastrointestinal syndrome in rhesus macaques: The relationship between gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, and delayed multi-organ sequelae following acute, potentially lethal, partial-body irradiation,” Health Physics, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 427–453, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e318266eb4c.
D. N. Kernagis, E. Balcer-Kubiczek, S. Bazyar, C. M. Orschell, and I. L. Jackson, “Medical countermeasures for the hematopoietic-subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome in space,” Life sciences in space research, vol. 35, pp. 36–43, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.LSSR.2022.06.002.
H. Dörr and V. Meineke, “Acute radiation syndrome caused by accidental radiation exposure - therapeutic principles,” BMC medicine, vol. 9, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-126.
M. C. Kordahi and B. Chassaing, “The Intestinal Microbiota: Our Best Frenemy in Radiation-Induced Damages?,” Cell Host and Microbe, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 7–9, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.013.
H. Guo et al., “Multi-omics analyses of radiation survivors identify radioprotective microbes and metabolites,” Science, vol. 370, no. 6516, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAY9097.
J. P. Williams and W. H. McBride, “After the bomb drops: A new look at radiation-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS),” International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 87, no. 8. Int J Radiat Biol, pp. 851–868, Aug. 2011. doi: 10.3109/09553002.2011.560996.
K. Tanigawa, “Case review of severe acute radiation syndrome from whole body exposure: concepts of radiation-induced multi-organ dysfunction and failure,” Journal of Radiation Research, vol. 62, pp. I15–I20, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1093/jrr/rraa121.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Patrycja Zuziak, Agnieszka Bielaska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 615
Number of citations: 0
