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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment
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When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment

Authors

  • Karolina Zalewa Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0610-6866
  • Wojciech Kapłan Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-0318
  • Dominika Rachwał Chair and Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa street 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9104-0459
  • Lidia Bartoszek Chair and Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa street 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1656-7325
  • Joanna Olszak Chair and Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa street 2, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0211-1449
  • Monika Rogowska Chair and Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9617-7307
  • Rafał Świdziński Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8535-0936
  • Jakub Lipiec Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-4684
  • Bartosz Skorupski Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki street 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3314-983X
  • Ewa Piątek Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9051-5777

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.33.01.008

Keywords

ortorexia nervosa, eating disorders, treatment, social media, health

Abstract

Introduction: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a common phenomenon. Its prevalence in society ranges from 1% to 60%. Yet, there are no specific diagnostic criteria or effective screening tests. Moreover, orthorexia does not appear in any of the available international psychiatric classifications such as the ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) and DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Due to this fact many people remain undiagnosed, which significantly affects their standard of living, and later puts a strain on the health care system.

Material and method: The article is based on a study and analysis of available publications in the last few years, published in the PubMed database.

Conclusions: It is crucial to create specific diagnostic criteria for orthorexia. This will enable efficient detection of patients at an early stage of the disorder, which will significantly shorten the diagnostic path. Moreover, specifying potential risk factors will help to reduce new cases.

References

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Valente M, Syurina EV, Donini LM. Shedding light upon various tools to assess orthorexia nervosa: a critical literature review with a systematic search. Eat Weight Disord. 2019 Aug;24(4):671-682. doi: 10.1007/s40519-019-00735-3. Epub 2019 Jun 21. PMID: 31228168; PMCID: PMC6647444.

Gortat M, Samardakiewicz M, Perzyński A. Orthorexia nervosa - a distorted approach to healthy eating. Psychiatr Pol. 2021 Apr 30;55(2):421-433. English, Polish. doi: 10.12740/PP/125387. Epub 2021 Apr 30. PMID: 34365489.

Scarff JR. Orthorexia Nervosa: An Obsession With Healthy Eating. Fed Pract. 2017 Jun;34(6):36-39. PMID: 30766283; PMCID: PMC6370446.

Hafstad SM, Bauer J, Harris A, Pallesen S. The prevalence of orthorexia in exercising populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eat Disord. 2023 Feb 6;11(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s40337-023-00739-6. PMID: 36747235; PMCID: PMC9903632.

Mróz MW, Korek E. Orthorexia nervosa – a new disease entity associated with dysfunctional eating patterns. Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2020;26(2):102-105. doi:10.26444/monz/122257.

Niedzielski, A.; Kaźmierczak-Wojtaś, N. Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa and Its Diagnostic Tools—A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105488

Stochel M, Janas-Kozik M, Zejda J, Hyrnik J, Jelonek I, Siwiec A. Walidacja kwestionariusza ORTO-15 w grupie młodzieży miejskiej w wieku 15-21 lat [Validation of ORTO-15 Questionnaire in the group of urban youth aged 15-21]. Psychiatr Pol. 2015 Jan-Feb;49(1):119-34. Polish. doi: 10.12740/PP/25962. PMID: 25844415.

Talbot CV, Campbell CER, Greville-Harris M. "Your struggles are valid, you are worthy of help and you deserve to recover": narratives of recovery from orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2023 Feb 27;28(1):25. doi: 10.1007/s40519-023-01554-3. PMID: 36849619; PMCID: PMC9971094.

Donini LM, Barrada JR, Barthels F, Dunn TM, Babeau C, Brytek-Matera A, Cena H, Cerolini S, Cho HH, Coimbra M, Cuzzolaro M, Ferreira C, Galfano V, Grammatikopoulou MG, Hallit S, Håman L, Hay P, Jimbo M, Lasson C, Lindgren EC, McGregor R, Minnetti M, Mocini E, Obeid S, Oberle CD, Onieva-Zafra MD, Opitz MC, Parra-Fernández ML, Pietrowsky R, Plasonja N, Poggiogalle E, Rigó A, Rodgers RF, Roncero M, Saldaña C, Segura-Garcia C, Setnick J, Shin JY, Spitoni G, Strahler J, Stroebele-Benschop N, Todisco P, Vacca M, Valente M, Varga M, Zagaria A, Zickgraf HF, Lombardo C. A consensus document on definition and diagnostic criteria for orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord. 2022 Dec;27(8):3695-3711. doi: 10.1007/s40519-022-01512-5. Epub 2022 Nov 27. PMID: 36436144; PMCID: PMC9803763.

Turner, P.G., Lefevre, C.E. Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 22, 277–284 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0364-2

Hyrnik J, Zasada I, Wilczyński KM, Jelonek I, Janas-Kozik M. Orthorexia - current approach. A review. Psychiatr Pol. 2021 Apr 30;55(2):405-420. English, Polish. doi: 10.12740/PP/115149. Epub 2021 Apr 30. PMID: 34365488.

Kalra S, Kapoor N, Jacob J. Orthorexia nervosa. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020 Jul;70(7):1282-1284. PMID: 32799294.

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Published

2023-05-27

How to Cite

1.
ZALEWA, Karolina, KAPŁAN, Wojciech, RACHWAŁ, Dominika, BARTOSZEK, Lidia, OLSZAK, Joanna, ROGOWSKA, Monika, ŚWIDZIŃSKI, Rafał, LIPIEC, Jakub, SKORUPSKI, Bartosz and PIĄTEK, Ewa. When does a healthy lifestyle turn into a disorder? Orthorexia – diagnostic problems, methods of treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Online. 27 May 2023. Vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 67-77. [Accessed 3 July 2025]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2023.33.01.008.
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Vol. 33 No. 1 (2023)

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Copyright (c) 2023 Karolina Zalewa, Wojciech Kapłan, Dominika Rachwał, Lidia Bartoszek, Joanna Olszak, Monika Rogowska, Rafał Świdziński, Jakub Lipiec, Bartosz Skorupski, Ewa Piątek

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

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